Density of water: 1.0 g/cm3 Density of steel: 8.0 g/cm3 Each of these cubes is 1.0 cm3 Density of water: 1.0 g/cm3 Density of steel: 8.0 g/cm3 How can the heavier thing float on top of the lighter thing??
Figure 5. 1 Simplified model of an atom Figure 5.1 Simplified model of an atom. An atom consists of a central nucleus composed of protons and neutrons that is encircled by electrons
Negative Part Positive Part (a) Geometry of a water molecule. The oxygen end of the molecule is negatively charged, and the hydrogen regions exhibit a positive charge. Covalent bonds occur between the oxygen and the two hydrogen atoms as electrons are shared.
Figure 53 Water in the three states of matter: Solid, liquid, and gas Figure 53 Water in the three states of matter: Solid, liquid, and gas. Diagram showing the three states of matter in which water is found on Earth and the processes associated with changes from one state to another. Blue arrows (—) indicate heat released by water (which warms the environment) as it changes state; red arrows (+) indicate heat absorbed by water (which cools the environment).
Figure 5.6 Comparison of melting and boiling points of water with similar chemical compounds. Bar graph showing the melting and boiling points of water compared to the melting and boiling points of similar chemical compounds. Water would have properties like those of similar chemical compounds if it did not have its unique geometry and resulting polarity.
“Specific Heat” - How much thermal energy does it take to warm up a cubic centimeter of a substance by 1 degree C? Graph showing the specific heat capacity of common substances at 20°C (68°F). Note that water has a very high specific heat capacity, which means it takes a lot of energy to increase water temperature. Ever been last in line for the shower..?
“Latent” = hidden… Figure 5.8 Latent heats and changes of state of water. The latent heat of melting (80 calories per gram) is much less than the latent heat of vaporization (540 calories per gram). See text for description of points a, b, c, and d.
“Phase” Changes of Water -- It can be Many Things!!
Cool Hot! Figure 5.10 Atmospheric transport of surplus heat from low latitudes into heat-deficient high latitudes. The heat removed from the tropical ocean (evaporation latitudes) is carried toward the poles (red arrows) and is released at higher latitudes through precipitation (precipitation latitudes), thus moderating Earth's climate.
Figure 5.12 Water density as a function of temperature and the formation of ice. Curves showing the density of freshwater (red curve) as it freezes (right to left) and the density of a typical liquid (green curve). Water reaches its maximum density at 4°C (39°F), but below that water becomes less dense as ice begins to form. At 0°C (32°F), ice forms, its crystal structure expands dramatically, and density decreases. As a result, ice floats.
Glass bottle shattered by frozen water Glass bottle shattered by frozen water. This glass bottle was filled with water, sealed, and put into a freezer. As water freezes, it expands by 9% as it forms hydrogen bonds and forms a structure where the atoms are farther apart, which increased the pressure and caused the bottle to fracture. Oops…. Sorry, Mom!
Major dissolved components in seawater Major dissolved components in seawater. Diagrammatic representation of the most abundant components in a kilogram of 35%o salinity seawater. Constituents are listed in grams per kilogram, which is equivalent to parts per thousand (°/00).
Figure 5. 18 The hydrologic cycle Figure 5.18 The hydrologic cycle. All water is in continual motion between the various components (reservoirs) of the hydrologic cycle. Volumes are Earth's average yearly amounts in cubic kilometers; table shows average yearly flux between reservoirs; ice not shown.
pH (“Potential Hydrogen” Scale
Figure 5. 23 Surface salinity variation Figure 5.23 Surface salinity variation. Sea surface temperature (red curve) is lowest at the poles and highest at the equator. Surface seawater salinity (green curve) is lowest at the poles, peaks at the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, and dips near the equator. The presence of large amounts of runoff from land in far northern latitudes causes salinity to be lower there as compared to equivalent latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere.
Figure 5. 24 Surface salinity of the oceans Figure 5.24 Surface salinity of the oceans. Satellite-derived ocean surface salinity map from data collected by the Aquarius satellite during August 25 to September 11, 2011. The map shows that the lowest salinities (purple, blue) occur near land, in high latitudes, and along the equatorial belt, while the highest salinities (red, orange) occur in the subtropics. Values in grams per kilogram or parts per thousand (%o) by weight; black regions indicate no data.
Figure 5. 25 Salinity variation with depth Figure 5.25 Salinity variation with depth. Vertical open-ocean profile showing high- and low-latitude salinity variation (horizontal scale in %o) with depth (vertical scale in meters, with sea level at the top). The layer of rapidly changing salinity with depth is the halocline
Figure 5. 26 Temperature and density variations with depth Figure 5.26 Temperature and density variations with depth. Graphs showing temperature and density profiles in low and high latitudes. Note the inverse relationship between temperature and density by comparing graph a with graph c (low latitudes) and graph b with graph d (high latitudes).
Sea Water De-Salinization (Get rid of the SALT…)