ENL 121: Framing Sources (1) If the Cincinnati Reds were really the first major league baseball team, who did they play? The reason I talk to myself is because I’m the only one whose answers I accept. In America, anyone can become president. That’s the problem. By and large, language is a tool for concealing the truth. --George Carlin

Voice Markers An educated person is one who has learned that information almost always turns out to be at best incomplete and very often false, misleading, fictitious, mendacious—just dead wrong. --Russell Baker

Voice markers indicate whose words and ideas are whose. When we read a text, we assume that we are getting the words and ideas of the author, but authors often use the words and ideas of others in their texts. Voice markers indicate whose words and ideas are whose.

The Purpose of Voice Markers The following is an example of a framed source: According to Bruce Kellner, “[Sammy] comes to learn ‘how hard the world was going to be ... hereafter.’ So, perhaps, does the reader who looks closely at Updike's canny tale.” (2) There are two voice markers. What are they?

The Purpose of Voice Markers According to Bruce Kellner, “[Sammy] comes to learn ‘how hard the world was going to be ... hereafter.’ So, perhaps, does the reader who looks closely at Updike's canny tale.” (2) What is the purpose of the first voice marker?

The Purposes of Voice Markers According to Bruce Kellner, “[Sammy] comes to learn ‘how hard the world was going to be ... hereafter.’ So, perhaps, does the reader who looks closely at Updike's canny tale.” (2) The second voice marker has two purposes. What are they?

What Belongs in an In-text Citation? According to Bruce Kellner, “[Sammy] comes to learn ‘how hard the world was going to be ... hereafter.’ So, perhaps, does the reader who looks closely at Updike's canny tale.” (2) Why is Kellner’s name not included in the in-text citation? (What is the general rule for what goes in an in-text citation?)

Using Brackets within Quotations According to Bruce Kellner, “[Sammy] comes to learn ‘how hard the world was going to be ... hereafter.’ So, perhaps, does the reader who looks closely at Updike's canny tale.” (2) Why is “Sammy” in brackets?

Additional Uses of Brackets within Quotations Within quotations, brackets are used to show that you have changed something within the quotation. It may be a word, as in the preceding slide, or it may be a change from a capital letter to small or vice versa. Thus a capital “I” in the original may become a small “[i]” in your quotation. The other primary use of brackets is “[sic].” Put this immediately after such things as a word that is misspelled or something that does not make sense.

Single-Quotes within Quotations According to Bruce Kellner, “[Sammy] comes to learn ‘how hard the world was going to be ... hereafter.’ So, perhaps, does the reader who looks closely at Updike's canny tale.” (2) Why is there a single quote before “how” and after “hereafter”?

Three Periods within Quotations According to Bruce Kellner, “[Sammy] comes to learn ‘how hard the world was going to be . . . hereafter.’ So, perhaps, does the reader who looks closely at Updike's canny tale.” (2) Why are there three periods between “be” and “hereafter”?

The Apparent Credibility of Sources According to Bruce Kellner, “[Sammy] comes to learn ‘how hard the world was going to be ... hereafter.’ So, perhaps, does the reader who looks closely at Updike's canny tale.” (2) Does this source appear to be credible?

Adding a Credibility Marker In his article “‘A&P’: Overview,” Bruce Kellner claims that “[Sammy] comes to learn ‘how hard the world was going to be ... hereafter.’ So, perhaps, does the reader who looks closely at Updike's canny tale.” (2) The Works Cited entry for this source is: Kellner, Bruce. “‘A&P’: Overview." Reference Guide to Short Fiction. Ed. Noelle Watson. Detroit: St. James Press, 1994. Literature Resource Center. Web. 9 June 2012.

Adding Metacommentary In his article “‘A&P’: Overview,” Bruce Kellner claims that “[Sammy] comes to learn ‘how hard the world was going to be ... hereafter.’ So, perhaps, does the reader who looks closely at Updike's canny tale.” (2) Like too many writers about the story, Kellner takes it too seriously. Metacommentary is your comments about the source material that you have used.

More about Metacommentary Metacommentary enables you to explain why you have used the source material. You might: Agree with the writer—and explain why, Disagree with the writer—and explain why, Explain how the source material supports your thesis, If your readers might not understand the quoted material, paraphrase it so that they can.

Evaluation Put your name on a half sheet of paper and answer the following: 1. How much of what was covered today did you already know? 2. Was the presentation worth the time it took? 3. What was the most important thing you learned? 4. What would you like to have seen covered in more detail? 5. What are the two purposes of an in-text citation? 6. What purposes do brackets serve inside a quotation?