2.1b - Native Americans 2.1b- Summarize the impact of the westward movement on nationalism and democracy, including the expansion of the franchise, the displacement of Native Americans from the southeast and conflicts over states’ rights and federal power during the era of Jacksonian democracy as the result of major land acquisitions such as the Louisiana Purchase, the Oregon Treaty, and the Mexican Cession.

Impact of Expansion on Native Americans The first major confrontation between Europeans and Indians was King Philip’s War in 1675 and resulted in the English colonists gaining control over the New England Colonies. ***In 1795 the Treaty of Greenville- Indians gave up much of their land in Ohio Taking a stand after the treaty was Tecumseh who created a loose alliance of Indian Tribes. This stand collapsed when William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh’s braves at Tippecanoe. Harrison was a hero and later President.

The Cherokee and the Trail of Tears Indians who lived in Northern Georgia and had adopted the ways of white settlement. They farmed their land, and even owned slaves. When gold was found on their land the U.S. government took action to move the tribe. ***In 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act which authorized the forced removal of the Indians in Northern GA. However, the Supreme Court said, the act was unconstitutional and that the Indians did not have to leave. President Jackson, ignored the court and sent troops to round up and move the Cherokee to Oklahoma. ***Over ¼ of the Indians died from exposure and disease during the journey. ***Their march became known as the “Trail of Tears.”

Removal of the Western Tribes ***The Plains Indians or tribes west of the Mississippi relied on the buffalo for food clothing and shelter. White settlers killed the buffalo for food, hides, and just for sport, by 1890 only 1,000 out of 5 million buffalo were left. This ended their way of life ***The U.S. also adopted the policy of placing all Indians on reservations. When the white men wanted the reservation land, the Indians were again forced off breaking the treaties. The Indians grew bitter and began to fight

Important Battles between U.S. troops and Native Americans ***Sand Creek Massacre- In 1864 270 Indians killed by U.S. troops, mostly women and children. The Indians get angry and under Red Cloud and Crazy Horse the Sioux Indians rise up. ***Battle of Little Bighorn- General George Armstrong Custer and his troops are surrounded and killed. This has become known as Custer’s Last Stand. * Native Americans largest and last victory over US forces!!!

Comanche- only US survivor at the Battle of Little Bighorn

Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce’ The Nez Perce were led by Chief Joseph when the U.S government attempted to remove them from Oregon. Violence broke out and realizing he was outnumbered he tried to take his tribe to Canada and safety. He outmaneuvered the army for several months, but was stopped 30 miles from the border. When told he must lead his people to the reservation or fight, he said, “I will fight no more forever.” The Nez Perce were forced to settle on reservations in Oklahoma where most died from sickness and malnutrition.

The Dawes Act Congress tried to help the Indians with the ***Dawes Act of 1887 which broke up the reservations and gave the land to individual families. After 25 years the family would own the land. The Dawes Act was a failure, most did not want to give up their tribal identity or assimilate into white culture. (Tried to make them adopt white culture) Most of the land they were given was unsuitable for farming and they didn’t want to farm and the population continued to decrease from poverty and disease.

The Last Battle at Wounded Knee Chief Sitting Bull- was the leader of the Sioux Indians at the last conflict in 1890 His tribe was surrounded and shot down at ***Wounded Knee. 150 Native Americans mostly women and children lay dead. ***Last confrontation between US soldiers and Native Americans!!!!

EOC SAMPLE QUESTIONS: What was distinctive about the Battle of Little Bighorn? A. It was one of the few battles that ended with Native Americans surrendering and being relocated to reservations B. It was the battle in which the famed chief, Sitting Bull, was killed C. It marked the Native American peoples’ largest and last victory over US military forces in the west D. It inspired passage of the Dawes Act

Which of the following MOST accurately describes the impact of white settlement on Native American tribes in the 1800s? A. It empowered these tribes who suddenly found themselves able to use land and gold as a bargaining chip in their negotiations with the US government. B. It was detrimental to Native Americans because it meant that they were forcibly relocated, and sometimes even killed, so that white settlers could acquire both land and gold. C. It enriched many Native American tribes who were compensated financially for the land that was taken for US settlement. D. It had little effect because tribes were allotted large areas of land called reservations, on which they could continue to live and practice their way of life.