UNIT-IV BA- II SEM By: Dr DIVYA MONGA INTELLIGENCE UNIT-IV BA- II SEM By: Dr DIVYA MONGA

Intelligence: What is it…? How do we define intelligence? the ability to gather and use information in productive ways. INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

Intelligence is relative... “Intelligence is a socially constructed concept. …thus is can be culturally specific.” INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

Some Classic Definitions Spearman (1904) A general ability which involves mainly the eduction of relations and correlates Binet & Simon (1905) The ability to judge well, to understand well, to reason well. Wechsler (1939) the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

Theories on Intelligence Charles Spearman (1863-1945) Proposed that intelligence consisted of 2 kinds of factors: a single “general” factor, g, and numerous specific factors (s1, s2, s3, etc.) g factor was the most important; s factors were very specific to particular tests G factor, or general intelligence (academic smarts) If you score high on one factor, or cluster (i.e verbal intelligence) then you tend to score higher than average on other factors (+correlation between clusters) “Intelligence refers to a general single ability” Prediction model for education, vocational levels INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

Theories on Intelligence… L.L. Thurstone (1887-1955) Invented factor analysis 56 tests / 7 clusters of primary mental abilities (early theory of multiple intelligences) Word fluency Verbal comprehension Spatial ability Perceptual speed Numerical ability Inductive reasoning Associative memory INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

Theories on Intelligence CATTELL: Fluid & Crystallized Intelligence Also used factor analysis, discovered 2 major factors: Fluid Intelligence: Non-verbal & culture-free form of intelligence Related to a person’s inherent capacity to learn & solve problems Used in adapting to new situations Crystallized Intelligence: What one has already learned through the investment of fluid intelligence in cultural settings Highly culturally dependent Used for tasks which require learned or habitual response INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

Theories on Intelligence…. Robert Sternberg : Triarchic theory Three major intelligences Analytical: academic problem-solving (intelligence tests) Creative: reacting to novel situations / generating novel ideas Practical Intelligence: everyday tasks (“street smarts”) INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

Theories on Intelligence…. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences identified 9 distinct types of intelligence Visual/Spatial Verbal/Linguistic Logical/Mathematical Bodily/Kinesthetic Musical/Rhythmic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalistic INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

Theories on Intelligence…. J.P. GUILFORD: Three-dimensional theory Cubic model of the structure of intelligence. Three separate factors make up any individual activity: Operations Contents Products Identified total 120 factors. INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

Creativity and Intelligence Creativity: The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. Small +correlation between intelligence and creativity Above and below score of 120, correlation shrinks INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

Brain Size and Intelligence Are people with bigger heads / brains smarter? +.15 correlation between head size and intelligence scores +.44 correlation between brain size and IQ INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

How is Intelligence Measured? Alfred Binet and Simon used Mental age to distinguish “bright” from “dull” children. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA INTELLIENCE BY DR DIVYA MONGA

IQ Scores INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

Another test used frequently are the Wechsler Intelligence Scale David Wechsler Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Third Edition (WISC-III) Used with children 6 to 16 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) Used with people 17 and older INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

WISC INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

Wechsler Intelligence Score INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

Dynamics of intelligence At what age can we begin predicting intelligence? Four-five (to predict adolescent, adult scores) At age 7, intelligence scores begin to stabilize Rule of thumb: consistency of scores increase with age INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

Types of IQ test Classification based on method of testing Individual test –Only one individual at the same time Ex: Stanford –Binet Test, Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale, Bhatia Battery of Performance Group test – a group of Individual is tested at the same time Ex: A nonverbal group test of intelligence for secondary school by sukumaran Nair INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

Types of IQ test….. Classification based on Medium of testing Verbal Test- they make use of language Ex: Stanford- Binet Test, Army Alpha test – lews Termin Non- verbal Test – they make use of some activity or performance Ex: The Ravan’s Progressive Matrices – John .C. Ravan-1936 INTELLIGENCE by DR DIVYA MONGA

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