THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries

MAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Rise of universities Rising community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge Interest in the idea of human potential and progress

MAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION recovery of classical texts (mathematics) Renaissance pattern of patronage allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigation

John Napier Scottish landowner. 1550 - 1617. Scottish landowner. Invented LOGARITHMS (easier way to do calculations with large numbers) Also famous for bring the decimal point into common use

GEOCENTRISM PTOLEMY was Greco-Roman astronomer who lived in Roman- conquered Alexandria Egypt (c. AD 100). Earth is the center of the Universe (prevailing theory for 1500 years) 15th century Italian painting

Polish mathematician and astronomer. Nicolaus Copernicus 1473 - 1543 Polish mathematician and astronomer.

Nicolaus Copernicus Polish mathematician and astronomer. 1473 - 1543 Polish mathematician and astronomer. HELIOCENTRIC SOLAR SYSTEM (On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres) The sun is at rest near the center of the Universe, and that the Earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the Sun.

Johannes Kepler German mathematician Three Laws of Planetary Motion 1571 - 1630 German mathematician Three Laws of Planetary Motion All planets move around the sun in an elliptical pattern Velocity of a planet’s orbit is not uniform Time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun

Galileo Galilei Italian astronomer & mathematician 1564 - 1642. Italian astronomer & mathematician First European to make regular observations with telescope (mountains on the moon, sunspots, moons on Jupiter)

GALILEO (cont’d.) Promotion of Copernican ideas landed him in hot water with the Catholic Church. Humans no longer the center of the Universe. He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy” in 1633, and forced to recant. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest.

Isaac Newton British mathematician Created a better telescope 1642 - 1727. British mathematician Created a better telescope Three Laws of Motion

THREE Laws of Motion Objects in motion keep moving in a straight line unless forced by outside pressure to change direction. Outside force acting on an object moves the object in the direction of the force. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Woolsthorpe Manor

Sir Francis Bacon 1561 - 1626 English philosopher Scientific Method

Cogito, ergo sum Rene Descartes I think, therefore I am. Rene Descartes 1596 - 1650 French philosopher & mathematician (geometry & algebra) Father of modern rationalism: REASON IS THE CHIEF SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE He asserted that he would accept ONLY those things that is reason said were true.

SIMON stevin Flemish (Dutch) Made popular the decimal system in Europe 1548 - 1620 Flemish (Dutch) Made popular the decimal system in Europe Introduced the mathematical symbols: +, -, =, x

Robert Boyle Irish Chemist Conducted controlled experiments 1627 - 1691 Irish Chemist Conducted controlled experiments Transformed alchemy into chemistry

Margaret Cavendish British writer and playwright 1628 - 1673 British writer and playwright Wrote one of the earliest examples of science fiction: “The Blazing World” Wrote “Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy” which promoted Scientific Revolution ideas such as naturalism: natural properties versus supernatural

Otto von Guericke Tycho Brahe German Danish astronomer First vacuum 1546 - 1601 1602 - 1686 Danish astronomer Created an observatory Most precise instruments for measuring the movement of the stars before the invention of the telescope. German First vacuum Led to the future steam engines.

William Gilbert Christiaan huygens English physicist Dutch astronomer 1629 - 1695 1544 - 1603 Dutch astronomer Founded wave theory of light Created the pendulum clock in 1636 Measure small units of time English physicist Magnetism Static electricity

Andreas Vesalius Paracelsus Belgian physician Swiss physician 1493 - 1541 1514 - 1564 Swiss physician Specific illnesses have specific causes Belgian physician Vascular and circulatory systems Understanding that the heart works as a pump. “Father of Anatomy Got into trouble for stealing dead bodies - moved to Italy

Gabriel Fahrenheit Anders Celsius 1701 - 1744 1686 - 1736 Swedish astronomer Zero degrees freezing One hundred degrees boiling German physicist, merchant & instrument maker Created the modern mercury thermometer (in glass)

ANTON van Leeuwenhoek Dutch merchant Improved the microscope 1632 - 1723 Dutch merchant Improved the microscope Laid the foundations for microbiology Discovered bacteria, blood cells Discovered the protozoa (single-celled organism) Called them “animalcules”

AGE OF REASON Period in which natural sciences flourished. Started in the 17th century and reached its high zenith in the 18th century. [1687] Newton publishes “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” [1543] Copernicus publishes “On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres [c. 1455] Gutenberg prints Bible [1633] Galileo tried by the Spanish Inquisition [1700s] Age of Reason Heliocentrism Heliocentrism 3 Laws of motion Enlightenment Mass produced books