Chapter 10 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes 10.5 Functional Groups Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Elements in Organic Compounds In organic molecules, carbon atoms bond with four bonds. mostly with H and other C atoms. sometimes to O, N, S, sometimes to halogens F, Cl, and Br.

Functional Groups Functional groups are a characteristic feature of organic molecules that behave in a predictable way. composed of an atom or group of atoms. groups that replace a hydrogen atom in the corresponding alkane. a way to classify families of organic compounds.

Alkenes and Alkynes Alkenes contain a double bond between adjacent carbon atoms. Alkynes contain a triple bond. Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Alcohols and Ethers An alcohol contains the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. In an ether, an oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms. –C–O–C– . Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Aldehydes and Ketones An aldehyde contains a carbonyl group (C=O), which is a carbon atom with a double bond to an oxygen atom. In a ketone, the carbon of the carbonyl group is attached to two other carbon atoms. Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Carboxylic Acids and Esters Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group, which is a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group. O ║ — C—OH An ester contains the carboxyl group between carbon atoms. Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Amines and Amides In amines, the functional group is a nitrogen atom. | —N — In amides, the hydroxyl group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by a nitrogen group. Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functional Groups Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Learning Check 1) CH3─CH2─CH2─OH 2) CH3─O─CH2─CH3 3) CH3─CH2─NH2 O O Classify each of the following as: alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine or amide. 1) CH3─CH2─CH2─OH 2) CH3─O─CH2─CH3 3) CH3─CH2─NH2 O O ║ ║ 4) CH3─C─OH 5) CH3─C─O─CH3

Solution 1) CH3─CH2─CH2─OH alcohol 2) CH3─O─CH2─CH3 ether 3) CH3─CH2─NH2 amine O O ║ ║ 4) CH3─C─OH 5) CH3─C─O─CH3 carboxylic acid ester