1. 9.2 Functional Groups Define An atom, group of atoms, or organization of bonds in an organic molecule that react in a characteristic manner. Functional groups are identified by the placement of certain atoms in a molecule. Naming Chemists use a shorthand to represent carbon and hydrogen atoms that are not part of the functional group. We use the symbol R to represent the hydrocarbon fragment of the organic molecule not involved in the functional group. R’ (called “r prime”) may be used for a different hydrocarbon fragment in the same molecule.

2. Text pages 417 - 418 9.2 Functional Groups Alkyl Halides: R-X Where X = F, Cl, I, or Br Define Organic compounds containing halogens are called alkyl halides Naming Same rules as other organic compounds except the halogen atom is named as a branch group. The prefixes to use are: Examples

3. 9.2 Functional Groups Alcohols: R-OH Define Organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group (–OH)attached to a carbon atom are called alcohols Naming Rules

4. 9.2 Functional Groups Other Functional Groups NameDefinitionExample Etherorganic compounds in which two hydrocarbon fragments are attached by an oxygen atom Aldehydeorganic compound containing a carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain Ketoneorganic compound also containing a carbonyl group, but unlike an aldehyde, the carbonyl group of a ketone is not at the end of the carbon chain Carboxylic Acidorganic compound containing a carboxyl (–COOH) group.

5. 9.2 Functional Groups Other Functional Groups NameDefinitionExample Esterorganic compound in which a –COO– group connects two other hydrocarbon fragments Aminesorganic compounds containing only single bonds and nitrogen atoms attached to a carbon atom. Amides organic compounds containing a nitrogen atom bonded to a carbonyl group