Gangs Main Menu Klein (2001): Street Gangs Text adapted from: Pitts (2007): Reluctant Gangsters: Youth Gangs in Waltham Forest Gordon (2000): Youth Groupings Pitts (2007): Gangs / Groups Hallsworth and Young (2004): Urban Collectivities References

Klein (2001) Typology of Street Gangs Main Menu Gangs Traditional Compressed Klein (2001) Typology of Street Gangs Neotraditional Collective Speciality

Klein (2001) Typology of Street Gangs Main Menu Gangs Traditional Existence: Well-established, 20+ years. Membership: Wide age range. Territory: Almost always claims territory (Turf/ ’Hood/ Barrio). Group: Able to regenerate. Often consists of sub-groups determined by age (Seniors/ Juniors), neighbourhood, etc. Compressed Klein (2001) Typology of Street Gangs Neotraditional Collective Speciality

Klein (2001) Typology of Street Gangs Main Menu Gangs Traditional Existence: Maximum of a few years. Membership: Less than 50. Narrow age range. Territory: No significant claim. Group: Limited ability to regenerate. No sub-groups. Compressed Klein (2001) Typology of Street Gangs Neotraditional Collective Speciality

Klein (2001) Typology of Street Gangs Main Menu Gangs Traditional Existence: Less than 10 years Membership: Smaller age range than traditional form. Territory: Claims and defends a territory. Group: Some ability to regenerate. Often consists of sub-groups determined by age or area. Compressed Klein (2001) Typology of Street Gangs Neotraditional Collective Speciality

Klein (2001) Typology of Street Gangs Main Menu Gangs Traditional Existence: Few years at most. Membership: Wider age range than compressed gang. Territory: No significant claim. Group: “Shapeless mass” of adolescent and young adult members. No subgroups. Compressed Klein (2001) Typology of Street Gangs Neotraditional Collective Speciality

Klein (2001) Typology of Street Gangs Main Menu Gangs Traditional Existence: Less than 10 years old. Membership: Small (less than 50 members). Narrow age range. Territory: Residential or based on opportunities for particular forms of crime. Group: Focused around criminal activity. Litle social interaction between members. Compressed Klein (2001) Typology of Street Gangs Neotraditional Collective Speciality

Gordon (2000) Typology of Youth Groupings Main Menu Gangs Youth Movements Youth Groups Gordon (2000) Typology of Youth Groupings Criminal Groups Wannabe Groups Criminal Business Organisations Street Gangs

Gordon (2000) Typology of Youth Groupings Main Menu Gangs Youth Movements Youth Groups Existence: Recent. Membership: None. Loose social movements. Distinctive styles of dress or other bodily adornments. Leisure-time preferences. Territory: None Group: Punk rockers, Ravers etc. Gordon (2000) Typology of Youth Groupings Criminal Groups Wannabe Groups Criminal Business Organisations Street Gangs

Gordon (2000) Typology of Youth Groupings Main Menu Gangs Youth Movements Youth Groups Existence: Indeterminate. Membership: None. Small clusters of young people. Territory: Hang around together in public places such as shopping malls. Group: No subgroups. Very loose structure. Gordon (2000) Typology of Youth Groupings Criminal Groups Wannabe Groups Criminal Business Organisations Street Gangs

Gordon (2000) Typology of Youth Groupings Main Menu Gangs Youth Movements Existence: Recent / indeterminate. Membership: Small clusters of friends. Territory: None. Band together, for a short periods, to commit crime primarily for financial gain. Group: May contain young and not so young adults. Youth Groups Gordon (2000) Typology of Youth Groupings Criminal Groups Wannabe Groups Criminal Business Organisations Street Gangs

Gordon (2000) Typology of Youth Groupings Main Menu Gangs Youth Movements Existence: Indeterminate. Membership: Young people. Spontaneous social - and exciting, impulsive, criminal - activity. May involve collective violence against other groups of youths Territory: Claim ‘gang’ territory and adopt ‘gang-style’ identifying markers Group: No subgroups. Loosely structured group Youth Groups Gordon (2000) Typology of Youth Groupings Criminal Groups Wannabe Groups Criminal Business Organisations Street Gangs

Gordon (2000) Typology of Youth Groupings Main Menu Gangs Youth Movements Youth Groups Existence: Indeterminate. Membership: Young people and young adults banded together to form a semi-structured organisation. Primary purpose is planned and profitable criminal behaviour or organised violence against rival street gangs. Territory: Neighbourhoods. Group: Less visible but more permanent than other groups. Gordon (2000) Typology of Youth Groupings Criminal Groups Wannabe Groups Criminal Business Organisations Street Gangs

Gordon (2000) Typology of Youth Groupings Main Menu Gangs Youth Movements Youth Groups Existence: Well-established. Membership: Mainly adults with formal structure and a high degree of sophistication. Engage in criminal activity primarily for economic reasons. Territory: None. Group: Maintain a low profile. May have a name, but rarely visible. Gordon (2000) Typology of Youth Groupings Criminal Groups Wannabe Groups Criminal Business Organisations Street Gangs

Pitts(2001) Typology of Waltham Forest Gangs / Groups Main Menu Gangs Articulated Super Gang Compressed Street Gang Youth Groups Pitts(2001) Typology of Waltham Forest Gangs / Groups Street Gang Wannabe Gangsters Middle level International Criminal Business Organisation

Pitts(2001) Typology of Waltham Forest Gangs / Groups Main Menu Gangs Articulated Super Gang Existence: Well-established, 20+ years. Membership: Broad age range. Able to regenerate - strong control of neighbourhoods, drawing others into the gang. Territory: Has a name and claims both residential and drug-dealing territories. Strong (horizontal) links with other gangs. Group: Subgroups based around age, role and location. Strong vertical organisation / hierarchy. Compressed Street Gang Youth Groups Pitts(2001) Typology of Waltham Forest Gangs / Groups Street Gang Wannabe Gangsters Middle level International Criminal Business Organisation

Pitts(2001) Typology of Waltham Forest Gangs / Groups Main Menu Gangs Articulated Super Gang Compressed Street Gang Existence: Recent. Membership: Relatively small with a narrow age range. Crime and violence integral to the group’s identity. Territory: Residential. Group: No subgroups. Youth Groups Pitts(2001) Typology of Waltham Forest Gangs / Groups Street Gang Wannabe Gangsters Middle level International Criminal Business Organisation

Pitts(2001) Typology of Waltham Forest Gangs / Groups Main Menu Gangs Articulated Super Gang Existence: Recent Membership: Small with a narrow age range. Criminal rather than social, focussed on a few offence types. Territory: Either residential or based on opportunities for particular forms of crime, Group: No subgroups. Compressed Street Gang Youth Groups Pitts(2001) Typology of Waltham Forest Gangs / Groups Street Gang Wannabe Gangsters Middle level International Criminal Business Organisation

Pitts(2001) Typology of Waltham Forest Gangs / Groups Main Menu Gangs Articulated Super Gang Existence: Less than 10 years old. Membership: Street-based group of young people. Crime and violence integral to group’s identity. Territory: Either residential or based on opportunities for particular forms of crime. Group: Sub groups defined by age. Compressed Street Gang Youth Groups Pitts(2001) Typology of Waltham Forest Gangs / Groups Street Gang Wannabe Gangsters Middle level International Criminal Business Organisation

Pitts(2001) Typology of Waltham Forest Gangs / Groups Main Menu Gangs Articulated Super Gang Existence: Recent / transient. Membership: Narrow age range with high turnover . Spontaneous social - and impulsive, criminal – activity. Collective violence against other youth groups. Territory: Lay claim to territory and assume trappings of street gangs (insignia, street names). Group: Loosely structured, without structural characteristics of traditional gangs. Compressed Street Gang Youth Groups Pitts(2001) Typology of Waltham Forest Gangs / Groups Street Gang Wannabe Gangsters Middle level International Criminal Business Organisation

Pitts(2001) Typology of Waltham Forest Gangs / Groups Main Menu Gangs Articulated Super Gang Compressed Street Gang Existence: Indeterminate. Possibly many years. Membership: Mainly adults. Involved in prostitution, people trafficking and street-level drug dealing (using local adolescents). Territory: Focused in city areas, connected to international crime network. Group: Maintain a low profile Youth Groups Pitts(2001) Typology of Waltham Forest Gangs / Groups Street Gang Wannabe Gangsters Middle level International Criminal Business Organisation

Organised Criminal Group Main Menu Gangs Peer Group Hallsworth and Young (2004): Typology of Urban Collectivities Organised Criminal Group Gang

Organised Criminal Group Main Menu Gangs Peer Group Existence: Indeterminate Membership: A small, unorganised, transient grouping. Territory: Occupy the same (social) space with a common history. Group: Crime is not integral to their self definition Hallsworth and Young (2004): Typology of Urban Collectivities Organised Criminal Group Gang

Organised Criminal Group Main Menu Gangs Peer Group Existence: Well-developed. Membership: Adults professionally involved in crime for personal gain. Territory: Not specific. Operate almost exclusively in illegal marketplaces. Group: Hierarchical with some subgroups. Hallsworth and Young (2004): Typology of Urban Collectivities Organised Criminal Group Gang

Organised Criminal Group Main Menu Gangs Peer Group Existence: Relatively durable. Membership: Young. Territory: Mainly street-based. Group: See themselves (and seen by others) as discernible group. Crime and violence integral to group’s identity. Hallsworth and Young (2004): Typology of Urban Collectivities Organised Criminal Group Gang

Gangs References Main Menu Pitts, John (2007) “Reluctant Gangsters: Youth Gangs in Waltham Forest”: University of Bedfordshire.   Gordon, Robert (2000) “Criminal Business Organisations, Street gangs and ‘Wanna Be’ Groups: A Vancouver perspective”: Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Vol.42 No.1. Hallsworth, Simon and Young, Tara (2004) “Getting Real About Gangs”: Criminal Justice Matters No.55. Klein, Malcolm (2001) “The Eurogang Paradox: Street Gangs and Youth Groups in the U.S. and Europe”: Springer