Maternal Effects m/+ x m/+ m/m wild-type Rare case m/+ x m/+ m/m P0 F1

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Maternal Effects m/+ x m/+ m/m wild-type Rare case m/+ x m/+ m/m P0 F1 Phenotype mutant wild-type F2 m/m mutant Phenotype m/m mutant A maternal effect is the phenomenon where the genotype of a mother is expressed in the phenotype of its offspring, unaltered by paternal genetic influence

Some time after cell division Immediately after cell division ABa ABp EMS P2 ABa ABp EMS P2 ABa ABp EMS P2 Some time after cell division ABa ABp EMS P2 Immediately after cell division Gut P2 Gut No Gut

Five genes (mom-1, 2, 3, 4, 5) have been identified to be important for gut differentiation ABp P2 ABa mom-2 EMS mom-5 MOM-1: Drosophila PORCUPINE MOM-2: Wnt homologue MOM-3: Drosophila and human Wntless MOM-4: MAP kinase kinase kinase homologue MOM-5: Frizzled homologue

WNT signaling MOM-2 MOM-5 POP-1

WNT Biogenesis MOM-2 MOM-1 MOM-3

How did the author verify that mom mutants produce more mesoderm? By dye staining By immunostaining using an antibody specific for pharyngeal muscle cell By polarized light By isolation and reconstitution experiments None of the above

How did the authors find out where mom-2 is acting to affect EMS cell fate determination? By examining the cell lineage By antibody staining By genetic analysis By isolation and reconstitution of blastomeres All of the above

How did the authors know that mom-2 encodes a WNT homologue By transformation rescue By antisense RNA phenocopy By sequencing analysis and identifying mom-2 mutations in the WNT homologue All of the above B + C

What is Wnt signaling? It is a receptor important for cell-cell interaction It is a secreted protein important for cell-cell interaction It refers to both the receptor and the signal and the upstream and downstream components It has nothing to do with cell-cell signaling It refers to the signaling cell, the signaling molecule, and its upstream components

What did you learn most from this paper? What is the receptor in EMS that receives the signal from P2? What is the ligand that signals from P2 to EMS Wnt signaling can change orientation of mitotic spindle Genetic analysis is very powerful in identifying signaling components of a biological process Isolation and reconstitution of blastomeres is a powerful method to understand embryo development.