Genetically Modified Organisms Any creature that has a gene from another creature Can be an animal, plant, or bacterial gene

Specific “Biotech”niques Sometimes referred to as Genetic Engineering Bacterial transformation Cloning Transgenics or Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) Gel Electrophoresis Stem Cell use Gene therapy

Bacterial Transformation The changing of one strain of bacteria into another strain Plasmid: the bacteria’s DNA Recombinant Plasmid: the bacteria’s DNA with the added DNA from another organism

Steps of Bacterial Transformation 1-Remove the plasmid from the bacteria cell.

Steps of Bacterial Transformation 2-Isolate the gene of interest on the DNA from the other specimen. A gene of interest is a piece of DNA that codes for a protein we want more of

Steps of Bacterial Transformation 3-Open the plasmid by cutting it with a restriction enzyme This leaves “sticky ends” Which need to be the complement of the sticky ends left on the DNA fragment you want to insert.

Sticky Ends

Sticky Ends The restriction enzyme EcoR1 cuts the DNA at the sequence GAATTC, between the G and the A

Sticky Ends

Sticky Ends

Steps of Bacterial Transformation 4-Insert the gene of interest

Steps of Bacterial Transformation 5-Insert the plasmid with recombinant DNA into a new bacterium. Recombinant DNA: DNA produced by combining DNA from different organisms

Steps of Bacterial Transformation 6-The bacteria reproduces itself and the plasmid. All descendants express the inserted gene