Plant and Animal Cells

The Cell Theory All living things are made up of one or more cells and their products The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes All cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living matter All living things are either prokaryotes (simple, single-celled organisms) or eukaryotes (more complex single-celled organisms or multicellular).

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Prokaryote – a cell that does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles Eukaryote – a cell that contains a nucleus and other organelles, each surrounded by a thin membrane

Cell Structure Eukaryotic cells have specialized parts called, organelles, that carry out specific functions necessary for life. organelle: a cell structure that performs a specific function for the cell   All cells have to perform the same basic activities to stay alive: use energy, store materials, take materials from the environment, get rid of wastes, move substances to where they are needed, and reproduce.

Plant Cell

Animal Cell

Cytoplasm All organelles inside the cell are suspended in the cytoplasm. is mostly water, but also contains many other substances that the cell stores until they are needed

Organelles found in both animal and plant cells Cell Membrane (Lipid Bilayer) is a flexible double-layered structure that surrounds the cell the function is both to support the cell and to allow some substances to enter while keeping others out. A similar membrane also surrounds most organelles in a eukaryotic cell.

Nucleus Is a roughly spherical structure in the cell that contains genetic information that controls all cell activities. This genetic information is stored on chromosomes (DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid)

Mitochondria singular: mitochondrion are sometimes called the “power plants” of the cell because they make energy available to the cell. Cells store energy as a form of glucose (a sugar). Cellular respiration is a process where enzymes in the mitochondria help to convert the stored energy into an easily usable form. Cellular respiration requires oxygen. The waste products are carbon dioxide and water. glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + usable energy(ATP)

Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network of fluid-filled tubes extending throughout the cytoplasm from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane. They transport materials, such as proteins, through the cell. rough endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.) are covered in ribosomes that make proteins smooth E.R. is thought to be responsible for synthesizing fats and oils smooth and rough E.R. are actually connected to each other rather than being in distinct separate sections Synthesized material such as proteins are then transported to sites where they can be used, like the Golgi apparatus.

Golgi Apparatus Collect and process materials to be removed from the cell. They also make and secrete mucus named after the medical doctor who first discovered this organelle in 1898, Emilio Golgi chemically modifies proteins and fats transported from the E.R. and packages them in vesicles usually the vesicle is transported to the cell membrane where the contents, mucous for example, is released outside the cell the Golgi apparatus modifies products as needed by the cell

Vacuoles is a single layer of membrane enclosing fluid in a sac. functions include: containing some substances, removing unwanted substances from the cell, and maintaining internal fluid pressure (turgor) within the cell. Animal cells may have many small vacuoles that are often invisible and plant cells usually have one central vacuole that is visible under a light microscope.

Lysosomes membrane-bound sac of digestive enzymes different lysosomes break down each of the major classes of macromolecules – proteins, polysaccharides, fats, and nucleic acids used to recycle the cell's own organic material for reuse

Organelles in Plants Cells Only Cell Wall Is a rigid structure made of cellulose and is found just outside the cell membrane of a plant cell Cell wall provides support for the cell and protection from physical injury

Large Vacuole in Plant Cell   plant cells usually have one large vacuole When these vacuoles are full of water, turgor pressure keeps the cells plump, which keeps the plant’s stems and leaves firm. If water levels drop, the vacuoles lose turgor pressure and the cells become soft.

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and give leaves their green colour chloroplasts absorb light energy which is used in photosynthesis (the process of converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen)  carbon dioxide + water + energy (sunlight)  glucose + oxygen Photosynthesis allows plants to obtain their energy from the Sun so that they can make their own food. Plant cells rely on mitochondria to metabolize glucose, just as animal cells do.