Wind Turbines Introduction

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Presentation transcript:

Wind Turbines Introduction

References Wind Power in Power Systems Thomas Ackermann John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Historical Background First Wind Turbine in Afghanistan. 7th Century BC Purpose: Pump Water or Grind Grain Windmill, Holland - The Netherlands windmill at Burnham Overy

Historical Background First Wind Turbine to generate Electricity, 1891 in France Technology improved step by step from the 1970s By the end of 1990s one of the most important sustainable energies

The advantages of wind power Wind energy is free There are no hazardous emissions

Wind Turbine Capacity

Wind Turbine Size

Wind Turbine Size Small wind turbines, those rated below 100 kilowatts, are used to power individual homes, farms, ranches, small businesses, and for telecommunications. Large or utility-scale wind turbines range in size from 100 kilowatts to one or five megawatts. Tens to hundreds of these turbines can be connected to the electricity grid to form a wind farm that generates enough electricity for an entire community.

Installed Capacity (MW)

Installed Capacity (MW) By the end of 2003

Installed Cap. Europe (MW)

Inst. Cap. Asia & Pacific (MW)

Inst. Cap. Middle East & Africa (MW)

Main Driver of Wind Power Development Fixed feed-in Tariffs: (Power purchase price is fixed over at least 10 to 15 years) Government subsidies Green Pricing: Customers agree to pay higher tariffs for “Green Electricity” Utilities guarantee to produce the corresponding amount of electricity by using “Green Energy Sources”

Wind Power Economics The cost of manufacturing wind turbines over the last 10 years has declined 20% technological innovations have brought the cost of wind power down from more than 30 cents per kilowatt-hour during the 1980s to less than 6 cents per kilowatt hour today It is predicted that by 2020, the manufacturing cost will be reduced by 50%

Environmental Issues No hazardous emissions In 1990 in California alone, wind power offset the emission of more than 2.5 billion pounds of carbon dioxide and 15 million pounds of other pollutants ( the same amount of air quality provided by more than 150 million trees)

Stand Alone System For remote houses For remote technical applications (telecommunications) Few watts to 50 KW For village electrification up to 300 KW, wind turbines are used in combination with diesel generator & sometimes a battery system.

Stand Alone System Wind/Diesel systems can best be utilized to reduce diesel oil consumption in the already existing power supply system

Stand Alone System Wind/diesel systems with battery back-up can best be utilized in the circumstances that the wind turbine system with battery bank to cover the main load, and the diesel generator as a back-up system to cover the peak loads or periods of low wind speed

Grid Connected System Changes in wind power production will cause changes in the current through impedance Z Current change cause changes in U2 U1 U2 Z=R+jX Pl+jQl Pw+jQW Grid

Wind Farms A cluster or group of wind turbines placed in a location is called wind farm The picture shows the Avedøre Wind Farm, just 5 kilometres from the city centre of Copenhagen, Denmark. The 12 Bonus 300 kW wind turbines, (and one 1,000 kW power company test wind turbine) are located next to a 250 MW coal-fired power plant

Off Shore Wind Farm Offshore wind energy is suitable for countries with high population density, and difficulties in finding suitable sites on land. Construction costs are higher at sea, but energy production is also higher

Off Shore Wind Farm The largest wind farm in Denmark is the offshore wind farm of Horns Rev, which was completed in 2002. It is situated in the North Sea, 14-20 km off the coast of Jutland. With its 80 Vestas 2MW turbines, the wind farm has a total capacity of 160 MW

Wind Turbine Components

Wind Turbine Components

Main Shaft

Gear Box The rotor turns with a speed of about 22 revolutions per minute. The gear changes the speed to 1500 rpm.

Small Shaft connects the generator to the gearbox

Mechanical Break Used as an emergency brake

Generator

Controller

Anemometer measures the wind speed

Wind Vane .There is a small sensor at the foot of the wind vane that notifies the wind turbine controller of the wind direction

Yaw Motor . The yaw motor turns the nacelle so that the rotor faces the wind

Yaw Bearing The yaw motor has a small wheel that engages a huge wheel. The large wheel is called the yaw bearing.

Yawing The rotor should always be facing the wind in order to catch the wind properly

Cooling System To cool down the generator

Blade Large wind turbines have three rotor blades fixed to the main shaft

Blade Concept A wind turbine blade works similar to the wing of a glider

Towers Lattice Tubular

Towers A tower of 60 meters weighs 80 tones

Height of the Tower Up in the sky it is a lot windier than down by the ground

Wind Turbines in Iran بر اساس مطالعات انجام شده ايران كشوري با باد متوسط است و توان بالقوه در ايران 6500 مگاوات ميباشد. منابع توليد انرژي الكتريكي در قرن بيست و يكم دكتر سيد مسعود مقدس تفرشي دانشگاه صنعتي خواجه نصيرالدين طوسي

منبع اصلی باد منشا کلیه انرژی های تجدید پذیر (به غیر از جزر و مد و زمین گرمایی) حتی انرژی موجود در سوخت‌های فسیلی خورشید است. خورشید نزدیک به 174.423.000.000MWh انرژی را در هر ساعت تولید می‌کند.

منبع اصلی باد 1 الی 2 درصد از این انرژی تبدیل به انرژی باد می‌شود، که در حدود 50 تا 100 برابر بیشتر از انرژی تبدیل شده توسط کلیه گیاهان روی زمین است.

عوامل ایجاد باد بادهای جهانی: تفاوت دمایی و گرمایی باعث حرکت هوا و چرخش آن می‌شود. مناطق نزدیک به استوا (مدار صفر درجه) انرژی بیشتری را از خورشید دریافت کرده و نسبت به باقی کره زمین گرمتر می‌شوند. این هوای گرم‌تر به سمت مدارهای بالاتر و پایینتر حرکت می‌کند.

عوامل ایجاد باد بادهای سطحی: از انواع دیگر بادهای موجود در طبیعت بادهای سطحی می‌باشد که به شدت تحت تاثیر سطح زمین هستند. در اثر ناهمواری‌ها و موانع سطح زمین از سرعت این بادها کاسته می‌شود و رفتاری اتفاقی ولی تا حدودی قابل پیش‌بینی از خود نشان می‌دهد. در حقیقت توربین‌های بادی از این بادها برای استحصال انرژی استفاده می‌کنند.

عوامل ایجاد باد براساس يك قانون طبيعي سرعت باد در نواحي پهناور افزايش مي يابد بنابراين مكان هاي مناسب براي توربينهاي بادي بالاي تپه هاي گرد و صاف، دشت يا سواحل باز و فواصل كوهي كه مثل قيف عمل مي‌كنند هستند.

عوامل ایجاد باد بادهای محلی: این بادها در اثر اختلاف دمای بوجود آمده در ساحل و دریاها بوجود می‌آیند. از این بادها برای توربین‌های ساحلی استفاده می‌شود. ضمنا جهت آنها در شب معکوس می‌شود.

دیدگاه کلی پس از آزمايشات عملي فراوان، مهندسان به اين نتيجه رسيده اند كه ميانگين سرعت باد براي به صرفه بودن تبديل انرژي باد به برق حدود 23 كيلومتر در ساعت است.

راندمان راندمان توربین های بادي 30 تا 40 درصد مي‌باشد كه از نيروگاه‌هاي فسيلي با راندمان 30 تا 35 درصد بالا تر است ولي بهره‌وري آن‌ها به ميزان و سرعت باد بستگي دارد. يعني اينكه يك توربين بادي نمي‌تواند در طول سال به طور 24 ساعته كار كند و اين يك نقطه ضعف است.

Wind Turbines in Iran (8*550 KW) + (19*300 KW)=10 MW سازمان انرژي اتمي

Wind Turbines in Iran شركت سديد صبانيرو در راستاي فعالیتهای خود در زمينه ساخت و نصب نيروگاه های  بادي قرارداد ساخت و توليد 123 دستگاه توربين باديKW 660 به ظرفيت كل 5/81 مگاوات را با سازمان انرژي اتمي منعقد كرده است تا در مناطق منجيل، رودبار و هرزه‌ويل نصب و بهره‌برداري شود

Wind Turbines in Iran پژوهشگاه نيرو