The Skilled Reader (Updated Edition) by D. J. Henry Chapter 8: Transitions and Thought Patterns PowerPoint Presentation By Gretchen Starks-Martin St. Cloud State University, MN © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

The Purpose of Transitions and Thought Patterns Transitions help you make sense of an author’s idea in two basic ways: Transitions join ideas within a sentence. Transitions establish thought patterns so readers can understand the logical flow of ideas between sentences. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Transitions Transitions are words and phrases that signal thought patterns by showing the logical relationships within a sentence and between sentences. Examples of transition words: After, because, inside, such as, also, even though, finally, in, another, as a result, first, for example, during, finally, therefore, however, as soon as. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Transition Words Within a sentence: Every morning I jog three miles after a ten-minute stretching routine. Between sentences: Jogging strengthens the heart. It also helps build bone density. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Thought Patterns Thought Patterns (or patterns of organization) are signaled by using transitions to show the logical relationship between ideas in a paragraph, passage, or textbook chapter. There are four common patterns: Time Order Space Order Listing Classification © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers The Time Order Pattern The time order pattern (or chronological order) of organization generally shows a chain of events listed in the order that they occur. Two types of chronological order are: Narration: a chain of events Process: steps, stages, or directions © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Transitions Used in Narration After Afterward As Before Currently During Eventually Finally First In the end Last Later Meanwhile Next Now Often Over time Previously Second Since Soon Then Ultimately Until When While © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Example Harriet Tubman, a runaway slave, led hundreds of slaves to freedom over the course of 10 years; later, during the Civil War, she was a spy for the federal forces in South Carolina as well as a nurse. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Transitions Used in the Process After Afterward As Before Currently During Eventually Finally First Last Later Meanwhile Next Now Often Previously Second Since Soon Then Ultimately Until When While © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Example To change a tire safely, first, be sure your car is on level ground. Next, place the car jack under the frame of the car near the tire that needs to be changed. Then, before you use the jack to lift the wheel off the ground, loosen the lug nuts on the tire one-half turn. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

The Space Order Pattern This pattern allows authors to describe a person, place, or thing based on its location or the way it is arranged in space. Descriptive details are often used. A sample of transition words: Above, across, around, at the side, below, beneath, center, close to, down, inside, left, outside, under, within, front, beyond, behind, at the top, adjacent © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Example Mangroves are one of Florida’s true natives. They thrive in salty environments because they are able to obtain freshwater from saltwater. Different species do this in a variety of ways. Some secrete excess salt through their leaves while others block absorption of salt at their roots. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers The Listing Pattern Often authors list a series or set of reasons, details, or points. Idea 1 Idea 2 Idea 3 Examples of signal words for the listing pattern are: and, also, furthermore, besides, first, for one thing © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Example Many people use the Internet to pay bills and shop for goods. In addition, people turn to the Internet as a source of information. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

The Classification Pattern The classification pattern is used to sort ideas into smaller groups and describe the traits of each group. Each smaller group is called a subgroup. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Transitions Used in the Classification Pattern Another (group, kind, type) Categories Characteristics Class First (group, kind, type) Order Second Traits © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Example Internet users have two types of access choices for surfing the Web. The first type of access to the Internet is the old-fashioned phone line, which is quite slow. The second type of access is high-speed broadband, which enters the house through the TV cable line. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

Transitions and Clear Information for Textbooks Textbook authors try to make information understandable by using transitions to make relationships between ideas clear. Check your textbooks for the transitions used. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Chapter Review • Transitions are words and phrases that signal thought patterns by showing the logical relationship within a sentence and between sentences. • A thought pattern is established by using transitions to show the logical relationship between ideas in a paragraph or passage. • Narration and process are two uses of the time order thought pattern. Transitions of time signal that the writer is describing when something occurred. In addition to showing a chain of events, the time order pattern is used to show steps, stages, or directions that can be repeated at any time with similar results. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Chapter Review Transitions of addition, such as and, also, and furthermore, are generally used to indicate a listing pattern. Authors use the classification pattern to sort ideas into smaller groups and describe the traits of each group. Examples of classification signal words are first type, second kind, or another group. The space order pattern allows authors to describe a person, place, or thing based on its location or the way it is arranged in space. Some of the words used to establish the space order pattern include adjacent, below, and underneath. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers

© 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers Complete the Applications, Review Tests, and Mastery Tests for Chapter 8. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers