Emotions Involuntary reactions that include physiological and bodily changes, visible expressive behavior and subjective feeling changes. -It is the express of feelings (happiness – sadness – anger-despair)

Functions of emotions: Prepare the person to deal with challenges in environment. Ex. Fear. Alert us to conditions that require adjustments and give us options. Ex.: When a person threatened , he may choose (flee or fight or negotiate). 3. Offer signals to others, how we are feeling and how we are likely to behave.

The physiology of emotions: sympathetic nervous system is activated Vascular changes: constriction of blood vessels leading to stomach and intestine, &expansion of blood vessels leading to skeletal muscles.” ↑sympathetic activity” Hormonal change: increase epinephrine secretion which activate sympathetic nervous system

3. Respiratory change: increase respiratory rate ,depth, and oxygen supply to blood. 4. Circulatory changes: increase heart rate (pulse) “Tachycardia” 5. Visual change: pupil dilation . 6. Sweat glands changes: Increase activity to secrete moisture. 7. Muscular changes: Contraction of muscles. eg..(neck & shoulder)

Affect It is the external behavioral expression of emotions as observed by others. It is examined by observing facial expression, postures, gestures, and voice tone of the client.

Types of Affect: Flat affect: Absence of any sings of expression. “seen in schizophrenia” 2. Blunt :(restricted or poor affect): lack of emotional expression. “seen in schizophrenia”.

3. Labile affect: A rapid abrupt change in emotional feelings unrelated to external stimuli, “seen in senile dementia” 4. Appropriate affect: Normal condition according to situation. 5. Inappropriate affect: e.g. laughing on sad situation

Subjective states of emotions: mood & feeling Emotions are subjective or internal states, called "moods" or "feelings“. Investigate emotions by asking clients directly to describe their feelings

Mood Subjective sustained internal emotional state as reported by the patient. Ranged from depressed mood in depression states to elated mood in mania.

Types of mood : * Euthymic mood: Normal range, (absence ,depressed or elevated mood). *Depressed mood: psychological feelings of sadness found in depression disorders. * Anhedonia: Loss of interest in all pleasurable activities as in depression. *Mood swings: between euphoria &depression

*Euphoric mood: Intense elation with feeling of grandeur as in mania. *Elated mood: affect of gladness and self -confidence. * Irritable mood: Easily annoyed and provoked to anger as in mania. * Anxious mood: feeling of fear of unknown, tension, expecting the worst. “may be external or internal. “

Other forms of emotions: -Fear: anxiety resulting from recognized danger. - Anger: Subjective feeling of refusal &resentment, may lead to aggression. -Ambivalence: two opposing emotional impulses toward the same thing, in the same person, at the same time. (hate and love at the same time toward the same person).