GALLIPOLI April- December 1915 Turkey was allied with Germany and controlled the Dardanelles and access to the Black Sea. Supplies could not reach Russia through the Mediterranean Sea. What should the Allies do?

Winston Churchill – First Lord of the Admiralty – had an ambitious plan to land troops on the Gallipoli Peninsula to: Destroy the forts and mines blocking the Dardenelles strait Attack Constantinople & defeat Turkey Threaten Austria Isolate Germany

The operation was a total failure British & French naval bombardment in February 1915 not immediately followed by a landing Turks strengthened their positions April 1915Allies decided to land an army on the enemy beaches anyway Anzacs were landed without any training or up-to-date maps Turks mowed down Anzac forces with machine-gun fire Allies fail to advance and dig trenches Another stalemate like the western front Allied casualties: total losses 213,980 out of 480,OOO 44,000 dead losses from disease 145,154 Dysentry, frostbite, diarrhoea, fever Turkish losses 87,000 dead

Sulva Bay

1915 -WAR AT SEA Dreadnaught

German U-Boat

In May 1915, a U-Boat sunk the British passenger ship Lusitania 123 Americans were killed What impact did this have on US public opinion about the war? US President Woodrow Wilson warns Germany to respect ‘freedon of the seas’

What does the cartoon imply about the US role in the war? British ships carrying US weapons flew the neutral US flag to avoid being targeted by German Uboats

US war loans to the Allies, 1914-1918 Great Britain $4.3 billion How Neutral was the US? US war loans to the Allies, 1914-1918 Great Britain $4.3 billion France $2.8 billion Italy $1.5 billion Russia $341 million +weapons,food & supplies

The US entered the war in April 1917 after the Germans resumed ‘unrestricted submarine warfare’

April 1917 Wilson’s War message to Congress: End to US neutrality Stirred anti-German sentiment – fear of spies and propaganda campaign Mexico was asked by German Ambassador (Jan 1917 Zimmermann telegram) to form an alliance against the US ‘World must be made safe for democracy’ January 1918 Fourteen Points Speech Statement of US war aims Included: End to secret alliances National self-determination for all peoples Free trade & freedom of the seas

US not formally allied with Britain & France- an Associated Power American Expeditionary Force 14,000 arrived in June 1917 and 1 million by May 1918 Front line action began in October 1917 320,000 casualties – 110,000 dead General Pershing Insisted that US units not be detached to allied command George M. Cohan ‘Over There’ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbggEGUaE28