1. War Affects the World
Section 3
Pages

2. The Gallipoli Campaign 1915 – 1916
British attack on Turkey
Knock Turkey out of the war
Get supplies to Russia
Persuade neutral Balkan states to join Allies
A failure
Churchill humiliated
Bulgaria joins Central Powers
David Lloyd George & Winston
Churchill in 1910

3. Gallipoli

4. Battle for the Dardanelles
Notable Allied failure to take straits b/t Black Sea & Med Sea
250K died
Hopes of a supply line to Russia dashed

5. The Battle of Verdun February to December 1916
Germany wanted to “bleed France white”
Massive German offensive against French city of Verdun
1,400 artillery along 8-mile front
1 million shells fired on first day
Casualties
France: 542,000
Germany: 434,000
Dead soldiers at Verdun

6. The Battle of the Somme July – November 1916
Allied attempt to relieve pressure on Verdun
British attack along the Somme River
Preceded by 7-day artillery barrage
British had 57,000 casualties on the first day
Casualties
Allies: 600,000
Germany: 500,000

7. Eastern Front Battle of Tannenberg, Sept. 1914
Russians pushed out of Germany
30k Russians died
Battle of Limanowa, Dec. 1914
Russia pushed out of Austria-Hungary

8. Battle of Tannenburg 1st major battle on the Eastern Front
German victory
Result of premature Russian invasion of Germany
However, it did divert German forces from the Western Front, enabling the Allies to halt the German advance on Paris

9. Russian effort collapses, 1916
Lack of industrialization
Troops poorly supplied
Ports blockaded
Germans (Baltic Sea),Ottomans (Black Sea)
Only asset were huge numbers

10. 1917
The Fateful Year

11. The United States and World War I
Isolationist tradition
Wilson declares USA neutral in European war
Wilson calls for “peace without victory”
US banks loan belligerents money
Pro-Allied sentiment in America
President Woodrow Wilson

12. President Wilson before Congress, announcing the break in official relations with Germany on February 3, 1917

13. Sussex Pledge
The Sussex pledge was a promise made in 1916 during World War I by Germany to the United States prior to the latter's entry into the war. Germany had been carrying out unrestricted submarine warfare, indiscriminately attacking any non-German vessel using their U-boats, hindering Allied trade. In the process, a French passenger ship, the Sussex, was fired upon. After this incident, President Woodrow Wilson threatened that if Germany were to continue this practice, the United States would break diplomatic relations with Germany. Fearing the entry of the United States into World War I, Germany attempted to appease the United States by issuing the Sussex pledge, which promised a change in Germany’s naval warfare policy.
In 1917 Germany became convinced they could defeat the Allied Forces by returning to unrestricted submarine warfare before the United States could enter the war, thereby violating the Sussex pledge.

14. The Sinking of the Lusitania
May 7, 1915
British passenger liner
Sunk by German
U-boat
1,200 lives lost
128 Americans dead
Pushed USA closer to Allies
The Lusitania

16. Germany Announces Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
January 31, 1917
Germans promise to sink any ship that enters the war zone
Cut off supplies to Britain & France
Force Allied surrender
US merchant ships sunk
NOTICE! Travellers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travellers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk. IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY WASHINGTON, D.C., APRIL 22, 1915.

17. The Zimmerman Telegram February 28, 1917
British intelligence intercepted German telegram to Mexico
Germans promised Mexico territory lost to USA in Mexican War ( )
Mexico did not take the telegram seriously
The USA, however, did
April 6, 1917 – USA declared war on Germany
Most Secret For Your Excellency's personal information and to be handed on to the Imperial Minister in Mexico We intend to begin unrestricted submarine warfare on the first of February. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of an alliance on the following basis: Make war together, make peace together, generous financial support, and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The settlement detail is left to you.
You will inform the President [of Mexico] of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves.
Please call the President's attention to the fact that the unrestricted employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England to make peace within a few months. Acknowledge receipt.
Zimmerman
The Zimmerman Telegram

18. Zimmerman Note Evidence of stereotyping?

19. John J. Pershing Led the American Expeditionary Force in World War I.
John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing (September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948) was an officer in the United States Army. Pershing eventually rose to the highest rank ever held in the United States Army, equivalent only to the posthumous rank of George Washington: General of the Armies. Pershing led the American Expeditionary Force in World War I and was regarded as a mentor by the generation of American generals who led the United States army forces in Europe during World War II, including George C. Marshall, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley and George S. Patton, Jr.

20. American “doughboy”

21. Total war touched all lives Wartime economy (rations)
Home Front
Total war touched all lives
Wartime economy (rations)
All able-bodied people put to work
Civil liberties suspended
Official use of propaganda

22. Daylight Savings Time
It is sometimes asserted that DST was first proposed by Benjamin Franklin in a letter to the editors of the Journal of Paris. Read the full text. However, the article was humorous; Franklin was not proposing DST, but rather that people should get up and go to bed earlier.
It was first seriously proposed by William Willett in the "Waste of Daylight", published in 1907, but he was unable to get the British government to adopt it despite considerable lobbying.
The idea of daylight saving time was first put into practice by the German government during the First World War between April 30 and October 1, Shortly afterward, the United Kingdom followed suit, first adopting DST between May 21 and October 1, Then on March 19, 1918, the U.S. Congress established several time zones (which were already in use by railroads and most cities since 1883) and made daylight saving time official (which went into effect on March 31) for the remainder of World War I. It was observed for seven months in 1918 and The law, however, proved so unpopular (mostly because people rose and went to bed earlier than in current times) that it was later repealed.

23. Victory Gardens

24. Bernard Baruch War Industries Board
                                 
War Industries Board
Coordinated production of war supplies.
Bernard Mannes Baruch (August 19, 1870 – June 20, 1965) was an American financier, stock market and commodities speculator, statesman, and presidential adviser. After his success in business, he devoted his time toward advising a range of American presidents including Woodrow Wilson and John F. Kennedy on economic matters for over forty years; this is why Baruch was highly regarded as an elder stateman. Described as a man of immense charm who enjoyed a larger-than-life reputation that matched his considerable fortune, he is remembered as one of the most powerful men of the early 20th century.

25. Popular Nationalism was inflamed
Government leaned heavily on public opinion
Media was manipulated
Propaganda became normal

26. Propaganda poster
U.S.A. Bonds Third Liberty Loan Campaign. Boy Scouts of America Weapons for Liberty, 1917

28. http://www. library. georgetown. edu/dept/speccoll/britpost/posters

29. 1917 Anti-German fever in UK
Royal family changed name to Windsor…
German businesses destroyed, German dog breeds attacked

30. Propaganda
Information or material spread to advance a cause or damage an opponent’s cause.

31. Alvin York Most decorated American soldier of World War I.
Alvin Cullum York (December 13, 1887 – September 2, 1964) was a United States soldier, famous for his heroism in World War I. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for leading an attack on a German machine-gun nest, killing 32 German soldiers and capturing 131 others as well as 35 German machine guns.
York was born in Pall Mall, Tennessee, the third of eleven children born to William York and the former Mary Elizabeth Brooks. As was typical of the area and times, his family subsisted by farming and hunting. As a result, young Alvin became an expert marksman in the area woods.
York was something of a "nuisance" as a youth, frequently getting into drunken brawls. In 1914 his best friend was killed in a bar fight, prompting York to change his ways. He became a devout Christian after that incident, joining the denomination known as the Church of Christ in Christian Union. His conversion supposedly led him to file as a conscientious objector at the start of World War I, though there are disputes as to his exact technical status.
[edit]
World War I
York eventually was drafted into the United States Army and assigned to the 82nd Infantry Division in 1917.
At some point he experienced a change of heart and decided he would fight, but would never be proud of his war-time exploits.
As a corporal in the 328th Infantry, in the Battle of Meuse River-Argonne Forest on 1918 October 8, he assumed command of his detachment after three other NCOs fell. While he is sometimes described as acting single-handedly, his official citation says he led seven others in a charge on an active machine-gun nest. They killed 32 German soldiers and captured 132, including four officers. (He is said to have explained this feat by saying they had surrounded the enemy.)
York's chain of command honored this accomplishment by originally awarding him the Distinguished Service Cross. France, whose forces he was directly aiding and whose territory was involved, added its Croix de Guerre and Legion of Honor. Italy and Montenegro, also allies, awarded him their Croce di Guerra and War Medal, respectively. He was subsequently presented the Medal of Honor by the commanding general of the American Expeditionary Force, John J. Pershing.
At the time of his heroics, York was in fact only a corporal. His promotion to sergeant was part of the honor that he received for his valor but resulted in his becoming known to the United States (and much of the world) as "Sergeant York".

32. Mata Hari (1876-1917) Dutch, wife of military officer in Indonesia
Parisian cabaret dancer
Shot as a spy by France, 1917

33. Segregated Military Harlem Hellfighters
Harlem Hellfighters is the popular name for the 369th Infantry Regiment, formerly the 15th New York National Guard Regiment. The unit was also known as The Black Rattlers, in addition to several other nicknames.
A wounded veteran of the 369th Infantry (Old 15th New York) watches the 1919 Victory Parade up Fifth Avenue, New York City, with his family, 1919.The 369th Infantry Regiment was constituted June 2, 1913 in the New York Army National Guard as the 15th New York Infantry Regiment. It was organized on June 29, 1916 at New York City. It was Mustered into Federal service on July 25, 1917 at Camp Whitman , New York. It was drafted into Federal service August 5, The regiment trained in the New York Area, performed Guard Duty at various locations in New York, and trained more intensely in South Carolina, where they experienced significant racism from the local communities, and other units. The 15th Infantry Regiment, NYARNG was Assigned on December 1, 1917 to the 185th Infantry Brigade.
The 15th Infantry Regiment shipped out from the New York Port of Embarkation on December 27, 1917, and joined its Brigade upon arrival in France, but the unit was relegated to Labor Service duties instead of combat training. The 185th Infantry Brigade was assigned on January 5, 1918 to the 93rd Division [Provisional].
The 15th Infantry Regiment, NYARNG was Reorganized and redesignated March 1, 1918 as the 369th Infantry Regiment, but the unit continued Labor Service duties while it waited the decision as to what to do with the unit.
It was finally decided on April 8, 1918 to assign the unit to the French Army for duration of the United States participation in the war. The men were issued French helmets and brown leather belts and pouches, although they continued to wear their U.S. uniforms. The 369th Infantry Regiment was Relieved May 8, 1918 from assignment to the 185th Infantry Brigade, and went into the trenches as part of the 16th French Division and served continuously to July 3rd. The regiment returned to combat in the Second Battle of the Marne. Later the 369th was reassigned to Gen. Lebouc’s 161st Division in order to participate in the Allied counterattack. On August 19, the regiment went off the line for rest and training of replacements. On September 25, 1918 the 4th French Army went on the offensive in conjunction with the American drive in the Meuse-Argonne. The 369th turned in a good account of itself in heavy fighting, sustaining severe losses. They captured the important village of Sechault. At one point the 369th advanced faster than French troops on their right and left flanks. There was danger of being cut off. By the time the regiment pulled back for reorganization, it had advanced fourteen Kilometers through severe German resistance.
In Mid-October the regiment was moved to a quiet sector in the Vosges Mountains, It was there on November 11, the day of the Armistice. Six days later the 369th made its last advance and on November 26, reached the banks of the Rhine river, the first Allied unit to get there.
The regiment was relieved on December 12, 1918 from assignment to the French 161st Division, and returned to the New York Port of Embarkation. It was Demobilized on February 28, 1919 at Camp Upton at Yaphank, New York, and returned to the New York Army National Guard.
During its service the regiment suffered 1500 casualties and took part in the following campaigns:
Champagne – Marne
Meuse – Argonne
Champagne 1918
Alsace 1918
Wartime poster of the 369th fighting German soldiers, with the figure of Abraham Lincoln above.One Medal of Honor and many Distinguished Service Crosses were awarded to members of the regiment. The most celebrated man in the 369th was Pvt. Henry Johnson. In May 1918 Johnson and Pvt. Needham Roberts fought off a 24-man German patrol, though both were severely wounded. After they expended their ammunition, Roberts used his rifle as a club and Johnson battled with a bolo knife. Johnson was the first American to receive the Croix de Guerre.
Photographs show that the 369th carried the New York Regimental flag overseas. The French government awarded the regiment the Croix de Guerre with silver star for the taking of Sechault. It was pinned to the colors by General Lebouc at a ceremony in Germany, December 13, 1918.
One of the first units in the United States armed forces to have African American officers in addition to its all-black enlisted corps, the 369th compiled an astounding war record, earning several unit citations along with many individual decorations for valor from the French government.
The 369th Infantry Regiment was the first New York unit to return to the United States, and was the first unit to march up Fifth Avenue from the Washington Square Park Arch to their Armory in Harlem, and their unit was placed on the permanent list with other veteran units.
In re-capping the story of the 369th Arthur W. Little, who had been a battalion commander, wrote in the regimental history “From Harlem to the Rhine” that it was official that the outfit was 191 days under fire, never lost a foot of ground or had a man taken prisoner, though on two occasions men were captured but they were recovered. Only once did it fail to take its objective and that was due largely to bungling by French artillery support. There were 1500 casualties.
During the war the 369th's regimental band (under the direction of James Reese Europe) became famous throughout Europe, being the first to introduce the until-then unknown music called jazz to British, French and other audiences, and starting a world-wide demand for it.
Today the lineage and tradition is carried on by the 369th Transportation Battalion, which has since become the 369th Corps Support Battalion. The armory is at , 2366 Fifth Ave., N.Y.C. The Harlem Hellfighters continue to serve at home and overseas. They returned home in January 2005 from a year long deployment to Iraq where they provided logistical support for U.S. and allied forces in Southern and Central Iraq.
Harlem Hellfighters