Introduction to Ergonomics

What is Ergonomics? It is the study of work It is a way to make jobs/tasks fit the employees better It is a way to make work easier The employees need to understand the basic concept of ergonomics. Ergonomics is a term that comes from two Greek words “ergos” and “nomos” which could be literally translated as the study of work. Ergonomics is not a new concept it has been around for decades. We often discuss ergonomics in terms of fitting the work to the worker. This is opposed to a previous concept were workers were expected to adapt to existing equipment and setup. If the workstations are too tall or too low people will not adapt they will just be placed into tasks that will put them under additional stress. Traditionally equipment was designed for the average worker which meant that it was too low for half of the population and too high for the other half. Many people have studied the science of ergonomics and their results can provide us with information that we can use to design jobs and tasks that will better fit our workers. If the design fits the worker better, it means that it is also designed to match their physical abilities better. This fact should make it easier for the worker to perform their job,

Fitting the job to the worker When using ergonomics it is important to get the right equipment for the right individuals. The picture above illustrates a a worker that is too small for their workstation and has a special platform to make it the right height for her. If your workforce is familiar with the story of Goldilocks and the Three Bears, you may use this story to illustrate the concept of fit. In the story, as you remember, Goldilocks tried each of the bears chairs until she found the one that fit her best. Exercise: Get a small table or workstation and see how many of the workers could fit into the workstation. You could get them to come up with suggestions about how they could fix this problem.

Fitting the job to the worker Another way to think about fitting the work to the worker is PPE. They don’t typically sell one-size-fits-all shoes. They make them in different sizes and shapes to fit different people. Some shoes come in sizes that may fit a range of feet. With shoes like this, they will usually have some type of adjustments that can be made to fit the worker really well. This may even be found on shoes with specific sizes. Gloves are another example of items where the fit is very important. Gloves that are too loose or bulky can cause grip problems. Ones that are too tight can cause circulation problems. Discussion Questions: What kind of situations can you think of where the way something fits is very important? Are there situations at work where the way something fits is important? Exercise: Bring some small gloves or boots and have them try put this on. Have them try some very large or bulky gloves or several layers and then have them try to perform tasks.

Making jobs easier Ergonomics has also been about making the job easier for those who perform the actual work. In the pictures above you will the cut up operation as it used to be done and how it is done today. The first picture shows a circular saw used for this operation. This machine is still used some today but not like it once was. New machine like the one to the left can cut the whole bird into eight pieces with little worker involvement. The workers just basically load the whole chickens and the machine performs all of the cuts automatically.

Making jobs easier This is also true with hand tools. In the pictures above you will see two types of scissors. The first pair is a typical pair of manual scissors that rely on people to open and close them. These are still used throughout the poultry industry. The pair on the right is a pair of pneumatic powered scissors. This pair uses air power to close and open the blades of the scissors. With a tool like this one the force is lower and consistent no matter how difficult the part is to cut. Discussion Questions What kind of tools or equipment do you use everyday that makes your life easier? What about equipment or tools at work?

Factors that make jobs more difficult Lighting is one factor that can cause problems in the work place. If the lighting is too low you may have trouble seeing your work People will often adjust their posture to compensate for low lighting. If employees find themselves bending down closer to see the work, they may have a lighting problem or an eye problem. Lighting is most critical in areas where inspections or precision cuts are being performed. Poor Lighting Adequate Lighting

Factors that make jobs more difficult Many modern facilities like your operation have many machines that create noise in the workplace. Most facilities are loud enough that it requires workers to wear hearing protection to keep from damaging their hearing. Noisy environments like this make it difficult to hear signals or to even communicate. Discussion Question Other than lighting and noise, what other issues in the workplace can make your job harder or more difficult?

How does ergonomics affect you? It can help you do work safely It can make you more comfortable It can prevent injuries If the job is designed to fit the employees working at those tasks, then it should by nature be safer. Tools will fit hands better so they are less like to slip. Guards and other safety equipment that are designed with some knowledge of ergonomics will protect a larger range of people. Table O-10 in 29 CFR 1910.217 is based on the dimensions of the forearm and hand. If the job fits you well, it should also be more comfortable. If it is more comfortable, you should be able to work at this job longer without any negative consequences. If the jobs are designed properly, workers should not be straining either physically or psychologically to accomplish their work and in turn are not experiencing injuries. We are typically more interested in the physical stress, because it can have more immediate impact on the development of injuries. The mental stress can also cause problems but they are not as readily apparent in most cases.

What can you do to help? Be aware of what is happening in your work area Go to your supervisor with questions or concerns Report any symptoms to supervisor or safety people Be a team player Workers need to be aware of the work area around them and anything that seems to cause workers discomfort, stress, etc. This can be you or a co-worker. If employees have questions or concerns about their job they should immediately talk to their supervisors. The supervisor is the always first person you should talk to. They know about you and your job more than others in the workplace. If you are having strange symptoms at work during certain tasks you should talk to the appropriate people at your facility. The next module will discuss these symptoms in more detail. The most important part to remember is that you are part of the team that can help protect you and your coworkers. No member of the team is any less important than any other member.