Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution Section 2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution Surface area of the solute Stirring or shaking Increase temperatures

Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution Visual Concepts Chapter 12 Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Particle Model for Soluble and Insoluble Substances Section 2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Particle Model for Soluble and Insoluble Substances

Particle Model for Soluble and Insoluble Substances Section 2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Particle Model for Soluble and Insoluble Substances

Section 2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Solution equilibrium - physical state in which the opposing processes of dissolution and crystallization of a solute occur at the same rates.

Section 2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Saturated solution - solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute If more solute is added to a saturated solution, it falls to the bottom of the container and does not dissolve. Unsaturated solution - solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution

Mass of Solute Added Versus Mass of Solute Dissolved Section 2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Mass of Solute Added Versus Mass of Solute Dissolved

Section 2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Supersaturated solution - solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution contains under the same conditions. A supersaturated solution will form crystals of solute if disturbed or more solute is added.

Chapter 12 Solubility Values Section 2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Solubility Values Solubility - amount of substance required to form a saturated solution with a specific amount of solvent at a specified temperature. example: The solubility of sugar is 204 g per 100 g of water at 20°C.

Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid Visual Concepts Chapter 12 Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Solute-Solvent Interactions Section 2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Solute-Solvent Interactions “Like dissolves like” What makes substances similar depends on: type of bonding polarity or nonpolarity of molecules intermolecular forces between the solute and solvent

Chapter 12 Like Dissolves Like Visual Concepts Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 12 Dissolving Ionic Compounds in Aqueous Solution Section 2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Dissolving Ionic Compounds in Aqueous Solution The hydration of the ionic solute lithium chloride is shown below.

Chapter 12 Liquid Solutes and Solvents Section 2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Liquid Solutes and Solvents Immiscible - liquids that are not soluble in each Miscible - liquids that dissolve freely in one another

Comparing Miscible and Immiscible Liquids Visual Concepts Chapter 12 Comparing Miscible and Immiscible Liquids Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 12 Effects of Pressure on Solubility Section 2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Effects of Pressure on Solubility Increases in pressure increase gas solubilities in liquids. An equilibrium is established between a gas above a liquid solvent and the gas dissolved in a liquid.

Pressure, Temperature, and Solubility of Gases Visual Concepts Chapter 12 Pressure, Temperature, and Solubility of Gases Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Section 2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Henry’s law - solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid. Effervescence - rapid escape of a gas from a liquid in which it is dissolved

Chapter 12 Henry’s Law Visual Concepts Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 12 Effervescence Visual Concepts Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 12 Effects of Temperature on Solubility Section 2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Effects of Temperature on Solubility Increasing the temperature usually decreases gas solubility. Increasing the temperature usually increases solubility of solids in liquids

Solubility vs. Temperature Section 2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Solubility vs. Temperature

Enthalpies of Solution Section 2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Enthalpies of Solution The formation of a solution is accompanied by an energy change. Enthalpy of solution - net amount of energy absorbed as heat by the solution when a specific amount of solute dissolves in a solvent

Enthalpies of Solution Section 2 The Solution Process Chapter 12 Enthalpies of Solution The diagram above shows the enthalpy changes that occur during the formation of a solution.