The Counter-Reformation

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Presentation transcript:

The Counter-Reformation By Mrs. Lauterhahn World Civilizations

Reforming the Catholic Church Protestants weren’t the only ones unhappy with the Catholic Church. So were some Catholics. Some Catholics worked on the Counter Reformation: making internal changes to the Catholic Church

People involved in Counter Reformation Girolamo Savanarola – he preached about abuses of the church in the 1400’s Called for the Church to melt silver and gold to pay to feed the hungry Convinced followers to burn jewelry and trinkets in a huge fire called Bonfires of the Vanities Church first allowed him to work, but then excommunicated him and had him executed in 1498. WHY??? Because the Church feared he might become too powerful (ideas were dangerous).

The Jesuits Also called the Society of Jesus Put a new emphasis on spirituality and service Founded in 1534 by Ignatius of Loyola (former soldier) He ran it like the military – emphasis on obedience to the church Emphasis on education – believed that mind was a powerful weapon in fight against Protestantism This helped Catholics regain ground and lots of bloody wars between Catholics and Protestants Lots of missionary work – people going around the world to convert others to Catholicism.

Council of Trent Idea was to redefine doctrines of the Catholic faith Took place on and off for 16 years Officials were led by Pope Paul III Goals of Council: look at what Protestants are complaining about in regards to Catholic Church AND simplify church teachings.

Council of Trent cont’d Church admitted cardinals and bishops were corrupt and started investigating it Started training priests to end financial abuse To end financial abuse, they get rid of indulgences. At the end of their meetings, they renounce Protestant beliefs of individual spirituality and self-discipline

Council of Trent, cont’d Council argued that church could help believers achieve salvation by using mystery and ceremonies to inspire faith. This was consistent with the beliefs of millions of people.

There is NO resolution between the 2 religious groups (Protestants and Catholics) The Council was successful in creating renewed interest in the Catholic Church Austria, Poland and some other European countries return to the Catholic Church They did establish many colleges and universities in Europe by the 1700’s

Who Helped Carry Out the Reforms? Charles Borromeo – he was the archbishop of Milan and built schools that were designed just to educate priests Frances of Sales – did missionary work and wanted to educate women because the women will teach their children to become better Catholics. He converted people from Calvinism.

Women Life before the Renaissance: Life after the Renaissance: Clean Cook Take care of children and house NO reading, writing or traveling Life after the Renaissance: Women begin to play a role in church Nuns take care of children, the sick, the poor

Women’s Groups Company of St. Ursula – group of women that teach girls how to do housework, cook, healthcare (how to be a mother) Visitation of Holy Mary – group of schools that train women to become teachers – they are teaching lower level education Mary Ward – designed group of schools for girls. Church didn’t like this; saw her as radical and dangerous Teresa de Avila – decided that Church policies are too lenient so she starts the Carmelite Order – they are very strict and live a very simple life.

The Roman Inquisition This is a Church Court that questions people they think are breaking church laws: Martin Luther Protestants Heretics Accused Witches (people in touch with nature more than religion)

Roman Inquisition cont’d There is NO trial – they just try to make people confess to whatever they are accused of They get them to confess through torture Index of Forbidden Books: list of books the Catholic Church says you cannot read. If you read them, you will go to Hell and lose your soul. Protestants used the Inquisition to make the point that the Catholic Church still has huge problems and didn’t change anything

Religious Effects Because of religious persecution (punishing, torturing) of religious beliefs, Protestants in Europe decide to leave Europe and go to North America (Puritans, Pilgrims, Quakers) Different branches of Protestantism are formed: Lutheran Anabaptist Calvinists Anglican This paves the way for religious freedom, especially in the United States

Social Effects Catholics and Protestants, including Martin Luther, do not like Jews and Muslims They told Muslims in Spain to convert to Christianity or leave Spain or die Jews were confined to ghettos and stripped of possessions and dignity What are ghettos? Many people feared that witches roamed land and killed children, cattle, worked with the devil, etc. They were tried and sentenced to death. Many innocent victims were killed.

Religious Wars 1494: King Charles VIII of France invades Italy This begins a series of wars for control of Italy ITALIAN WARS: France and Spain both fought for control of Italy England even got involved In 1527 Charles V of Spain carried out a military event with the sack of Rome 1559 – the Wars finally ended, but the Wars were credited with expanding the Italian Renaissance. HOW???

Conflict Amongst the Germans New ideas about the Renaissance moved through Germany This made peasants aware of how unhappy they were because of high taxes and lack of power Reformation preachers discussed the idea of freedom and this increased the dissent amongst the peasants. Thousands of German peasants stormed castles and monasteries. This Rebellion was known as the Peasant’s War.

Peasant’s War Nobles used harsh force to suppress the peasants Martin Luther was accused of starting the riot, although he denied it, saying the peasants “rob and rage and act like mad dogs” He refused to join the rebellion Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) began a holy war against Protestantism by attacking the Lutheran Princes in Germany

This was ended by the Peace of Augsburg (Charles V didn’t show up) Allowed each prince to choose the religion he wanted his subjects to practice (only choices were Catholicism and Lutheranism) and subjects had no choice in the matter Paved the way for more religious unrest to come

Conflicts Between Religions France: The Huguenots (Protestant minority) fought against Catholicism Fighting ended when their leader, Henry of Navarre converted to Catholicism Conversion led to political stability (Catholics accepted him as king) 1598 Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to Protestants