PAPER 2: Challenges in the human environment SECTION C: The Challenge of Resource Management 1

All affect quality of life/ health and wealth. The significance of food, water & energy to economic & social well-being All affect quality of life/ health and wealth. Food: Fuel for our bodies. Calories. Water: Drink it to survive. Also need it to wash, dispose of waste, grow and process food & in industrial manufacturing processes. Fuel: The amount & type of energy depends on a variety of factors including where people live & how wealthy they are. Renewable & non-renewable

An overview of global inequalities in the supply & consumption of resources Food: USA 3,500 Cals Ethiopia 1,000 Cals Water: USA 875 litres Ethiopia 25 litres Energy: USA Most Oil Bangladesh Least Oil

E.g. Strawberries in winter. E.g. tropical fruits and vegetables Food: the growing demand for high-value food exports from low income countries & all-year demand for seasonal food & organic produce Demand for out-of-season and exotic food available all year round has gone up. Expensive! Demand for Organic farming has gone up– does not include the use of chemicals such as pesticides and fertilisers. Animals are farmed without the use of drugs to increase growth. E.g. Strawberries in winter. E.g. tropical fruits and vegetables Main reasons for consumers choosing: Contains fewer chemicals & pesticides, natural & unprocessed, healthier Luxury item as more expensive as yields from farms tend to be lower.

Food: larger carbon footprints due to the increasing number of ‘food miles’ moves towards local sourcing of food Food miles – the distance that food travels from producer to consumer. Carbon footprint – the measure of the impact that human activities have on the environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases they produce. Local Food:

Food: the trend towards agribusiness

Water: the changing demand for water Demand for water has gone up! Increase in wealth leading to more use of domestic appliances such as dishwashers & washing machines. Changes in personal hygiene; most people now shower at least several times a week, in the past = weekly bath the norm. Farming Increased industrial production (factories) Increased leisure use e.g. Golf courses need great deal of water for maintaining. Increased UK population.

Water: water quality & pollution management

Water: matching supply & demand – areas of deficit and surplus Figure 2- UK rainfall distribution Figure 3- UK population density Water deficit Areas which do not have enough water for the needs of the population. South East Water surplus Areas that have more water than they need for the population. North West

Water: the need for transfer to maintain supplies

Renewable (will not run out): Wind/ Solar Power – increased use Energy: the changing energy mix – reliance on fossil fuels, growing significance of renewables Non Renewable (will run out): Coal, Oil, Gas (fossil fuels) – reducing use although still biggest use Renewable (will not run out): Wind/ Solar Power – increased use Nuclear (will not run out): Small use Fracking (Gas): Not yet using but may in future