MC Countermeasures Inc. PRI and RF Prediction Enabling Technology By Ken McRitchie, Rémi Gauvin & Scott McDonald Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Overview Introduction Electronic Attack Problem: Pulse to Pulse Agility What is PRI & RF Prediction? Prediction in a Corrupt or Multi- Emitter Environment Prediction Applications Summary AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Good Radar Design PRI changes help eliminate blind speeds and ambiguous ranges in MPRF and MTI radar modes RF changes help de-correlate and hence reduce sea clutter Both are effective ECCM/EPM AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com The EA Task Provide effective jamming in a typical radar environment: Many emitters: interleaved pulse trains Radar TX misfire: missing pulses Scanning modes: short illumination time PRI and/or RF agility: stagger, sliding, sine, jitter RF jitter may be sinusoidal, but generally random, non-coherent radars AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Noise - SOJ Bandwidth tailored to radar’s RF agility bandwidth: 10’s to 100’s MHz Complete range masking so PRI agility not a factor Need lots of power, dedicated aircraft AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Deception - SPJ Frequency Memory Loop Limited delay due to noise build-up after few times around loop, generally 10 us max Restricted to down-range false targets only Negated by leading edge track, guard gates AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Deception - DRFM DRFM Indefinite delay, enables full PRI delay so up-range false targets are possible Initially developed for pulsed Doppler radar Ok for high PRF constant PRI modes Rendered ineffective by pulse-pulse agility common in low or medium PRF modes AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Problem - Agility PRI Agility: Limits deception based system to down range capability RF Agility: Noise jamming requires high power / wide bandwidth AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Staggered PRI    AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Staggered PRI Without Prediction Only Down-Range FT Are Possible   PRI A FT PRI B PRI C False Target Delay Range 1 Range 2 Range 3 AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com PRI Prediction To take full advantage of DRFM, TOA of next pulse is required Even with prediction, need to adjust DRFM delay for each pulse Hence, need to closely integrate techniques generator with Predictor AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Up-Range Targets Variable Delay Creates Up-Range FT AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Benefits of PRI Prediction Compensate for jammer throughput delay Fade + Fast re-acquisition on scanning radars Improve low isolation performance Improved ECM RGPI CRBM RGPI/O >>PRI AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Achieving PRI Prediction Multiple Parallel Processes AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com RF Agile Sources From: Radar Technology Encyclopedia, D.K. Barton & S.A. Leonov editors, 1997 AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Sine RF, Staggered PRI AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Sine RF, Staggered PRI AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com RF Agility With RF prediction in addition to PRI prediction: Fast tuning VCO can be used to generate consistent false targets Switch frequency at halfway point in PRI AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Why RF Prediction? Because DRFM generates false targets by delaying a copy of the previous radar pulse, any RF agility is fatal Even with prediction, up-range false targets are at the wrong frequency Wide Bandwidth / High Power needed for noise jamming AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Benefits of RF Prediction Smarter noise jamming Generate up-range false targets that integrate non-coherently Greatly reduce power required for effective ECM, possibly by 10-20 dB Provide training for RF agile radar modes AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Achieving RF Prediction Isolate agile emitter first Stagger RF: Track PRI & RF independently in parallel Sine RF: RF requires PRI prediction input AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com System Integration AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Test Setup Can Generate Complex Video Environment 6 independent emitters Predictor Control Predictor Performance Assessment Pre-trial Parameter Adjustment & Optimization AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Video Generation Features 6 Emitters, each with : Illumination and scan control Multiple bursts of complex staggered or sine PRI RF and PW Control AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

RF Prediction Accuracy Preliminary results for sine RF prediction Main sources of error are: DFD measurement error Prediction error VCO tuning error Prediction error almost totally dependent on DFD error: 90% of predictions within DFD error limits AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Sine RF Prediction PRI: 2.333 ms RF mean: 9100 MHz RF dev: 200 MHz RF period: 100 ms DFD res: 1 MHz DFD error: 0 99% < 1MHz AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Sine RF Prediction PRI: 2.333 ms RF mean: 9100 MHz RF dev: 200 MHz RF period: 100 ms DFD res: 1 MHz DFD error: 1.5 MHz 97% < 3MHz AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Sine RF Prediction PRI: 2.333 ms RF mean: 9100 MHz RF dev: 200 MHz RF period: 100 ms DFD res: 1 MHz DFD error: 3 MHz 91% < 5MHz AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

RF Agility Demonstration Sinusoidal RF Agile Emitter with: Mean RF of 9.1 GHz Deviation of 150 MHz Cycle Time of 1.667 ms Mean PRI of 400 us Lock time = 46 PRI AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Lock Time = 18.4 ms AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

RF Agility Demonstration Sinusoidal RF Agile Emitter with: Mean RF of 9.1 GHz Deviation of 200 MHz Cycle Time of 50 ms Mean PRI of 2.333 ms Input Error Versus Output Error AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com ± 10 MHz DFD (Input) Error VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com ± 10 MHz DFD (Input) Error VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com ± 10 MHz DFD (Input) Error VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com ± 10 MHz DFD (Input) Error VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com ± 10 MHz DFD (Input) Error VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

RF Agility Demonstration Sinusoidal RF Agile Emitter with: Mean RF of 9.1 GHz Deviation of 200 MHz Cycle Time of 50 ms Mean PRI of 2.333 ms Lock Versus Output Error AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Lock Acq / Lock VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Lock Acq / Lock VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Lock Acq / Lock VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Lock Acq / Lock VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Lock Acq / Lock VCO Tuning (Output) Error Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Implementation Challenges Multi-Signal Environment Dropped Pulses By the Radar or Receiver System Limitations Non-Simultaneous Transmit / Receive AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Example Signal Environment AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Example Signal Environment (2)   AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Prediction Challenge Accounting for Dropped and Interfering Pulses Interference can be removed using: RF, AOA, PW or Expected Time of Arrival Missing Pulses can be Added using: Expected Time of Arrival Filtering by Expected TOA Makes Sense AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Pulse Train De-interleaving Multiple parallel PRI prediction channels permit real time de-interleaving Signals present on their own at least part of the time for pattern acquisition Multiple scanning emitters, even with 1 or 2 non-scanning emitters Can select single emitter to jam based on PRI, PW and pattern length Or timeshare, first come first served AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com TDD Time Domain De-interleaving AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com TDD Results AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com TDD Results AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Effects of Dropped Pulses AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Effects of Dropped Pulses AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Application: System Control Controlling a Receiver / Transmitter using the Look-Through Method Non coverpulse technique Cover Pulse Technique AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Application: Timesharing Use a single DRFM to jam multiple (scanning) radars simultaneously Encompasses both: Real-time pulse train de-interleaving Real-time control of DRFM Read and Write Algorithm calculates optimal allocation based on signal present, predictor accuracy, first come first served, scan priority AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Timeshare Application Weapon Systems that use separate Acquisition and Track radars Acq can provide good set-on to Tracker AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Timeshare Track & Acq AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Application: Timeshare AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Application: Fade + Re-Acq AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Application: Head to Tail AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Application: CRBM AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Application: RGPI >> PRI AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Application: ESM / RWR A Multi-Channel Predictor used to de-interleave the Received Video could greatly speed up the identification of threats in order to begin jamming sooner Predictor could act as a real-time filter for known emitters and enable the ESM / RWR system to process the unknown faster AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com PRED-5 Features Small 3” x 6” PMC format Pod or lab use 4 or more parallel channels – multi-threat capability Adaptive Acquisition Constant, dwell shift, sliding, stagger (> 192 pos), embedded sine Add or improve ECMs RF prediction can be used to control VCO AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com PRED-5 Features Time domain or RF de-interleaving, timeshare & controller Embedded user memory Available soon as chip set: Stratix II FPGA plus flash memory 33 mm x 33 mm Chip PMC Card AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Prediction:Summary (1) No a-priori radar information is required Real-time “learning” Easily added to a system Variety of form factors Solves systems issues Agile threats Scanning radars Missing Pulses Antenna isolation DRFM contamination Extra pulses AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Summary (2) Applications Include: Real-time de-interleaving Rx/Tx switching (look-through) Advanced ECM functions Up-range false targets CRBM CRV ECM Timesharing among multiple emitters ESM/RWR pre-filter AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com Acknowledgement The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of the other members of the MC Countermeasures team including: Dan Grise Colin Jackson AOC Virginia Beach 2005 Visit us at http://www.mc-cm.com

Questions For further information, please feel free to contact us at: MC Countermeasures Inc. http://www.mc-cm.com 260 Hearst Way, Suite 207 Kanata, Ontario, K2L 3H1 Canada remi@mc-cm.com Tel: +1 (613) 592-0818 scott@mc-cm.com Fax: +1 (613) 592-2818 ken@mc-cm.com