SCI 111 – Exploration of the Universe Chapter#1 – Philosophy of Science

Philosophy of science is as useful to scientists as ornithology is to birds. Richard Feynman

CHAPTER #1 – Philosophy of Science Topics to Be Covered Definition of Science Philosophy of Science Scientific Method

Definition of Science Science is a systematic process of seeking for or producing knowledge. This process involves 1- making an observation 2- problem definition 3- development of hypothesis 4- continuous testing 5- extensive peer review 6- development of theories, laws or principles Science is a particular way of understanding natural phenomena. \ It describes how the universe we belong to functions the way it does (or possibly the multi- verses!) Science benefits from some human values like curiosity, creativity and imagination. It requires a positive attitude for being efficient and effective in scientific development.

Main Features of Science Scientific outcomes are universal. Scientific ideas or conclusions are subject to change Scientific knowledge is reliable Science has limits. It cannot answer all questions. Science demands solid evidences. Scientific decisions or evaluations are NOT affected by feelings, past experiences or beliefs. Science is shaped by logic and imagination. Science explains Science predicts Science is organized into content disciplines and is conducted in various institutions, i.e. physics, chemistry, biology, engineering… All are equally scientific.

Def. Philosophy of Science Topics to Be Covered Def. the attempt to understand the meaning, method and logical structure of science by means of a logical and methodological analysis of the aims, methods, criteria, concepts, laws and theories of science.

Scientists often use concepts like… Causality and Law Theory Explanation

In every day life (Classical Mechanics) events are ordered in time: Who influences whom? In every day life (Classical Mechanics) events are ordered in time: A cause can only influence an effect in its future not in its past. In Quantum Mechanics, the picture may change drastically. According to quantum mechanics, objects can lose their well- defined classical properties, such as e.g. a particle that can be at two different locations at the same time. In quantum physics this is called a "superposition". CAUSALITY

Let’s review some concepts Epistemology branch of philosophy that deals with what knowledge is, how we come to accept some things as true, and how we justify that acceptance. Empiricism set of philosophical approaches to building knowledge that emphasizes the importance of observable evidence from the natural world. Deduction — method of reasoning in which a conclusion is logically reached from premises. For example, if we know the current relative positions of the moon, sun, and Earth, as well as exactly how these move with respect to one another, we can deduce the date and location of the next solar eclipse.