LINGUISTIC FRAMEWORKS Graphology Grammar Lexis Discourse Semantics Phonology Pragmatics
GRAPHOLOGY Letters / Print: Punctuation: Spelling: Artwork: Logos Upper / lower case Italic / bold print Serif / sans serif font Capitalisation Typeface / font choice Underlining Punctuation: Heavy/light use Parentheses Ellipsis Asterisk Inverted commas (e.g. semantic nuance) Spelling: Archaic Errors (sic) Deliberate mis-spellings (Kwik Save) Abbreviations GRAPHOLOGY Artwork: Illustrations Images Charts Diagrams Logos Signs Photographs Layout: Organisation of the text to guide the reader: Columns Paragraphs Headings Captions Spacing
External reference to real world Discourse Authorial Intention Clarity of expression Formality Conformity Deviance Register Style Patterns of language Textual Conventions Choices Structure Focus Coherence Organisation Content Relevance Interest Complexity Information Emotion Cohesion See separate sheet Audience Class Breadth Age Tone Ironic Serious Playful Manipulative Challenging Context Cultural Social Situation Genre Originality Function Code-switching External reference to real world Shared knowledge Intertextuality
COHESION & CONNECTIVITY Determiners indefinite / definite articles “Essential to the making of discourse is the capacity of language to connect across sentence boundaries” Adverbials Personal pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Anaphoric / Cataphoric Exophoric / Endophoric Identification Reference General Implications: General knowledge Expectations of the reader Grammatical Connectivity Conjunction Ellipsis COHESION & CONNECTIVITY Punctuation & Layout How it helps the reader to follow Context: It is impossible to understand exactly what a piece of text is about without knowing the context. Vocabulary: Lexical Cohesion Semantic Cohesion Collocation Repetition Synonyms Antonyms
PHONOLOGY Elision Vowels Consonants Contraction Phonemes: Homophones And sound-based puns PHONOLOGY Influence of Spoken language features Comic onomatopoeia: Yikes! Eek! Sound Symbolism: E.g. bang, crunch, cough Hesitation indicators (er, um…) Supra-segmental features when indicated in a written text (stress, volume etc) Contraction Couldn't, wouldn’t, He’ll Elision Gonna, wannabe Phonemes: Vowels Consonants Consonant clusters Long or short Plosive, fricative, nasal e.g. twelfth, glimpsed Prosody Rhythm Rhyme Metre Sound patterns Sibilance Alliteration Assonance
SEMANTICS & LEXIS Figurative Language: Proportion of: Slang jargon Metaphor Metonymy Simile Hyperbole Litotes Proportion of: Lexical items (content words) vs grammatical items (linguistic ‘glue’) Slang jargon Offensive language Foreign words Stereotypical Language Original or predictable? collocations clichés idioms catchphrases Vocabulary: Concrete or abstract? Basic or sophisticated? OE or Latinate? SEMANTICS & LEXIS Language change Archaic words, neologisms Acronyms, blends Facts vs Feeling irony, euphemism dysphemism, ambiguity allusion, humour playfulness Referential Cognitive Informative Affective Connotation Emotion
GRAMMAR MODIFICATION Noun Phrases Adverbials VOICE Ellipsis, omission, incomplete sentences: MODIFICATION SENTENCES VERB PHRASES VOICE DETERMINERS and articles Passive / active Front / end loading Missing agent ‘get’ passives Word order Varying the information structure: Fronting, inversion, cleft sentences, extraposition (See Crystal, Rediscover Grammar) Theme and focus Existential Sentences Functions: Declarative Imperative Interrogative Exclamative Types: Simple Compound Complex Subordinate clauses Modality Tenses Noun Phrases Pre- and post-modification Adverbials Subjuncts, disjuncts, intensifiers, PERSONAL PRONOUNS Direct address Vocatives GRAMMAR OF SPOKEN LANGUAGE Fillers Dialect
PRAGMATICS Co-operative Principle Grice’s Maxims Politeness and face: Negative politeness Positive politeness Conversation Rules Turn-taking Utterance length Speech acts Back-tracking Back-channelling PRAGMATICS Cultural Allusions Meaning in context Subtext Explicit Meaning Implied Meaning