1. Translation and the Arabic language

2. Definition What is translation?

3. Processes and methods used to convey the meaning of the source language into the target language by means of

4. 1.Words which have equivalent in Arabic 2.New words for which no ready-made equivalent is available in Arabic 3.Foreign words written in Arabic letters 4.Foreign words changed to suit Arabic pronunciation, spelling and grammar

5. Here are examples for all 1.speak يتكلم 2.satellite قمر اصطناعى 3.Aspirin اسبيرين 4.Democracy ديمقراطية

6. What do we translate? Vocabulary Grammar Vocabulary Style Phonology

7. Grammar 1.Sentences 2.Clauses 3.Word order 4.Tenses 5.Modals 6.Questions 7.Negations 8.Imperatives 9.Adjectives 10.Adverbs 11.Articles

8. Vocabulary 1.Synonymy 2.Polysemy 3.Antonymy 4.Connotations 5.Collocations 6.Idioms 7.Proverbs 8.Metaphors 9.Technical terms 10.Culture

9. Style 1.Formality vs informality 2.Fronting 3.Parallelism 4.Ambiguity 5.Repetition 6.Redundancy 7.Short sentences 8.Long sentences 9.Nominalization vs Verbalization

10. Phonology 1.Rhyme 2.Rhythm 3.Alliteration 4.Consonance 5.Assonance 6.Meter 7.Foot 8.Chiming 9.Stress 10.Pitch 11.tone

11. Language Grammar Words Style Sound Meaning Translation