From Prehistory to Civilizations Dr. Afxendiou AP World History – 9 Sachem North High School

200,000 years ago – Homo erectus appears in Africa hunters and gatherers left Africa to populate Europe and Asia

10,000 years ago – Homo sapiens

Changes… language more complex stone tools cave art expanded habitats - migrated into the Americas

By 1,000 B.C.E. – huge changes become entrenched

HERE? HERE So, how did we get from…

One of the major changes is reflected in this frieze on a wall in Mesopotamia (today Iraq) : which reflects the DOMESTICATION of… and plants animals

Domestication of plants and animals was a monumental change. It resulted in the new way of living we know as FARMING (AGRICULTURE)… …which included both PASTORALISM (herding sheep, goats, cattle, horses, and camels), and…

(cultivating domesticated plants), Crop-growing (cultivating domesticated plants), and… the development of… FARMING COMMUNITIES

Between about 12,000 and 1,000 BCE, farming appeared INDEPENDENTLY in a number of places, possibly in all of the places marked in red on the map. Eastern North America China Fertile Crescent Mesoamerica Nile valley West Africa Indus Valley New Guinea Ethiopia Andes Amazonia

POPULATION INTENSIFICATION Prior to farming, population size in any one area was limited by the availability of wild game, grain, berries, seeds, and nuts. Farming and the large, relatively dependable crops it provides allowed for… That means population increases in certain areas. Population in those areas became both larger and denser.

At the same time, farmers in some places were, in spite of population growth, able to produce SURPLUS food. What does SURPLUS FOOD PRODUCTION mean for a society? SURPLUS FOOD PRODUCTION… …means that not everyone has to grow food or tend animals. They can take on other tasks. They can specialize in some non-farming task.

Job Specialization. This is called… Men and women may become: Weavers Stone Masons Potters Priests Scribes Traders Army officers

Domestication of Plants and Animals Farming Surplus Food Job Specialization Population Intensification Complex Society, also known as CIVILIZATION

Elements of civilization include: 1) Cities Mohenjo Daro Pharaohs 2) Central governments And Law codes Hammurabi’s Law Code

4) Highly organized religions 3) Writing and record keeping 4) Highly organized religions 5) Specialized Jobs Full-time monk

7) Arts and Architecture Assyrian slaves In Egypt 6) Social Classes Pyramids of Ancient Egypt Art of Ancient Babylon 7) Arts and Architecture

8) Public Works The protective walls of a city in the Indus River Valley

Remember: GO ROLLER SKATING WITH CHAP G – strong central government R – organized religion S – job specialization W – writing and record keeping C – Cities H – social hierarchy (social classes) A – Arts and Architecture P – Public Works

By 3,000 BCE, societies in Southwest Asia and Egypt were developing elements of complex societies.

By 1000 BCE, there were several well-established civilizations in Afroeurasia. There were also two new ones in the Americas. At least two civilizations in Afroeurasia, the Minoan in the Mediterranean region and the Harappan in the Indus River valley had already come and gone.

Is this an image of a civilization? Support your answer with evidence.

Answer in full paragraph: What were the effects of the Neolithic Revolution?

Effects of Neolithic Revolution Civilization New hierarchical social structures new groupings used to organize society. Where a group of people belongs in relation to other groups – social distinctions like race, gender, class) Egalitarian v. patriarchal Intensification of trade within and between civilizations Rise of states-powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas. Early states were often led by a ruler whose source of power was believed to be divine or had divine support, and who was supported by the religious hierarchy and professional warriors.

Answer in full paragraph: Explain patriarchy and why it developed after the Neolithic Revolution

Agricultural Societies Develop Patriarchal Structures Patriarchy-rule of the father (dominant male) The father or a male member who is considered as the head of the family, controls all economic resources, all property, makes all the major decisions of the family and has control over all members of the family – especially women. Men are superior to women and women are part of men's property

Why? Agricultural communities - land ownership, families as agricultural resource plow agriculture creates need for extra children (workers) beyond perpetuation of the species land inheritance strengthens family, weakens position of women because of need to control their sexuality family, as unit of society, put under power of father as its representative before the community