Chapter 13 Personality An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Personality: 4 perspectives 1. The Psychoanalytic Perspective 2. The Humanistic Perspective Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Perspective Assessing the Self Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective 3. The Trait Perspective Exploring Traits Assessing Traits The Big Five Factors Evaluating the Trait Perspective

Personality 4. The Social-Cognitive Perspective Optimism Versus Pessimism Assessing Behavior in Situations Evaluating the Social-Cognitive Perspective Reciprocal Influences Personal Control Internal Versus External Locus of Control Learned Helplessness Versus Personal Control

Psychodynamic Perspective Exploring the Unconscious The Neo-Freudian and Psychodynamic Theories Assessing Unconscious Processes OBJECTIVE 2| Explain how Freud’s experiences in private practice led to his theory of psychoanalysis. Culver Pictures Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Exploring the Unconscious A reservoir (unconscious mind) of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories. Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their mind (free association) to tap the unconscious. OBJECTIVE 3| Discuss Freud’s view of the mind as an iceberg, and explain how he used this image to represent conscious and unconscious regions of the mind. http://www.english.upenn.edu

projective tests: seeking unconscious personality Thematic Apperception Test. Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Personality Structure OBJECTIVE 4| Describe Freud’s view of personality structure, and discuss the interactions of the id, ego and the superego.

Psychosexual Stages During these stages id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas called erogenous zones. Oedipus Complex Electra Complex

Ego’s protective ways of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. Defense Mechanisms Repression banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. Regression leads an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage. Reaction Formation: in which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. People may express feelings of purity when they may be suffering anxiety from unconscious feelings about sex. Projection: in which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. OBJECTIVE 6| Describe the function of defense mechanisms, and identify six of them. Rationalization offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions. Displacement shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or persons… redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. AND SUBLIMATION

Jung believed in the collective unconscious. The Neo-Freudians Carl Jung (1875-1961) Jung believed in the collective unconscious. Adler believed a child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power. Horney believed in the social aspects childhood growth and development. She countered Freud’s assumption that women have weak superegos and suffer “penis envy.” Archive of the History of American Psychology/ University of Akron Alfred Adler (1870-1937) OBJECTIVE 7| Contrast the views of the neo-Freudians and psychodynamic theorists with those of Freud’s original theory. Karen Horney (1885-1952)

Humanism: The Self-Actualizing Person OBJECTIVE 10| Summarize Abraham Maslow’s concept of self-actualization, and explain how his ideas illustrate the humanistic perspective.

Humanism: Growth and Fulfillment Carl Rogers also believed in individual's self-actualization tendencies. Unconditional Positive Regard: “I love you, not your behavior” OBJECTIVE 11| Discuss Carl Roger’s person-centered perspective, and explain the importance of unconditional positive regard. Michael Rougier/ Life Magazine © Time Warner, Inc.

identified 18,000 words representing traits. 3. The Trait Perspective Examples of Traits Honest Dependable Moody Impulsive Excitable OBJECTIVE 14| Describe the trait and perspective’s contribution to personality research. Allport & Odbert (1936), identified 18,000 words representing traits.

Personality Trait Dimensions Hans and Sybil Eysenck suggested that personality could be reduced down to two polar dimensions: extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability.

MMPI Test Profile Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests originally developed to identify emotional disorders.

Personality Tests… Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: good one http://sminds.com/mbti/ INTJ - "Scientist". Most self-confident and pragmatic of all the types. Decisions come very easily. A builder of systems and the applier of theoretical models. 2.1% of total population. Now for the ones you see online: Who would you be in the Princess Bride? Which dead president are you most like?

4. Social-Cognitive perspective Reciprocal Influences OBJECTIVE 20| Define reciprocal determinism, and explain how it illustrates the social-cognitive perspective. Stephen Wade/ Allsport/ Getty Images

LOC and Learned Helplessness When unable to avoid repeated aversive events an animal or human learns hopelessness.

Positive Psychology: positive psychology signature strengths http://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/Default.aspx Values In Action of Strengths Manual. This VIA was formulated after three years of extensive research into various sources such as religion and philosophy. Here is a tabulation of strengths classified under each virtue, Wisdom and Knowledge, Courage, Humanity and Love, Justice, Temperance, and Transcendence (Seligman, 2002). The 25 Wisdom and Knowledge Curiosity/Interest in the World Love of Learning Judgment/Critical Thinking/Open-Mindedness Ingenuity/Originality/Practical Intelligence/Street Smarts Social Intelligence/Personal Intelligence/Emotional Intelligence Perspective Courage Valour and Bravery Perseverance/Industry/Diligence Integrity/Genuineness/Honesty Humanity and Love Kindness and Generosity Loving and Allowing Oneself to Be Loved Justice Citizenship/Duty/Teamwork/Loyalty Fairness and Equity Leadership Temperance Self-Control Prudence/Discretion/Caution Humility and Modesty Transcendence Appreciation of Beauty and Excellence Gratitude Hope/Optimism/Future-Mindedness Spirituality/Sense of Purpose/Faith/Religiousness Forgiveness and Mercy Playfulness and Humour Zest/Passion/Enthusiasm Martin Seligman

Exploring the Self The self organizes thinking, feelings and actions and is a critical part of our personality. Possible selves: some we dream and others we dread. We overestimate how much others evaluate our appearance, performance and blunders (spot-light effect). Self-reference effect in recall. OBJECTIVE 25| Explain why psychology has generated so much research on the self, and give three examples of current research on the self.