Fasteners Any device used to hold 2 or more pieces of material together or in place Shank – long stem part of a nail/screw

Laminate Means to fasten 2 or more flat pieces together with an adhesive Adhesive - Sticky substance such as glue used to connect material together

Nails ITEMS TO KNOW: Fastener which is driven into material it holds Use of nail Desired length Desired diameter

Nail Lengths Penny – unit of measure used to designate the length of nails *Symbol – “d” - The number of English pennies needed to purchase 100 nails of a given size

Size Range Common nail – 2d to 60d Box nail – 2d to 40d Finishing nail – 2d to 20d Cut nail – 2d to 20d Spike – 16d to 12 inches (aka 1 foot)

Diameter – distance across the center of a circle Common nail - general construction Cut nail - used for nailing tongue & groove Box nail – light household work

Types of Nails Finishing Nail – interior finished work Shingle Nail – nailing shingles Roofing Nail – used for rolled roofing Plaster Nail – attach plaster to studs

More Nails… Hinge Nail – fasten hinges (duh) Duplex Nail – electrical work & concrete Wire Staple – wire fence construction Lead Head Nail – nailing galvanized steel

Nail Resistance Factors 1. Shank Diameter 2. Shank Type 3. Wood Type/Hardness of Wood 4. Moisture Content – Drier is Better! 5. Angle of Nail to Grain of Wood 6. Location of Nail in Wood – End, Middle

Galvanized - Coated with zinc

Phillips – phillips head (X) Allen – 6 sided hole in head Gauge – diameter of shank (2 - 24) (6 – 8 - 10 = common) Toggle Bolt – collapsible winged nut which opens when inserted in a hollow wall

Machine Bolt – square head with threads on just the last 1” of the shank Cap Screw Carriage Bolt – round head Stove Bolt – round headed bolt

Bolt Pitch Bolt Pitch – the number of threads per inch Determined by: Measuring an inch on a bolt and then counting the threads within that inch Using a thread gauge

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Thread Classification System Threading standards for bolts & nuts are controlled by ANSI

Example: Bolt size (Major Diameter) Pitch (Threads Per Inch) Unified Thread Standard Type of Thread (C = Coarse; F = Fine) Class of Fit (A = External; B = Internal) 1= Loose & Sloppy, 2 = Normal & Strong, 3 = Close, Tight, & Very Strong Bolt Length

Thread Classification ½ - 20 UN C/F – 1/2/3 – A/B/C x 3

Screws Fastener which has threads that bite into the material it fastens Threads – grooves of even shape & taper that wrap around the shank

Classifications of Screws Wood Cap Screws Sheet Metal Lag Screws Could be classified by head shape

Square head – four equal sides Hex head – six sides Slotted – standard Plow bolt – square tapered head

Nuts Device with a thread hole Washer – flat device w/ a hole in the center & used as part of a fastener TYPES OF NUTS: Hex-square-castle-wing-lock

Types of Washers Flat External Lock Internal Lock Split Lock

Hardware – term describing material used in ag mechanics Hinge Object that pivots & permits a door to swing

TYPES OF HINGES Strap T Butt Hasp Butterfly Screw Hook

Gussets – used to reinforce joints Flush Plate – used to strengthen corners