1. What is the advantage of meiosis in terms of survival of a species? Variation

2. What is another term for the “double helix” shape of DNA that was described by Watson & Crick? Twisted Ladder

3. If flower color were an incomplete dominant trait, what results when a red flowered plant is mated with a white flowered plant? Pink

4. Name the genetic disease caused by trisomy 21? Down’s Syndrome

5. How old do scientists think the earth is in billions of years? 4.6 BYA

6. Who wrote On the Origin of Species? Darwin

7. What are the three main groups of primates? Prosimians Monkeys Hominoids

8. What is the term for the different forms a gene can take? Allele

9. What are the THREE components of DNA nucleotides? Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen Base

10. What is the name of a chart used to show the genetic history of an animal or human called? Pedigree

11. Any evidence of life from the geologic past which is older than 10,000 years and is preserved is known as? Fossil

Spontaneous Generation 12. What is the idea which said that non-living material under certain conditions could produce living organisms? Spontaneous Generation

13. What is speciation? (Hint: geographic isolation and reproductive isolation are key events in this process) Where organisms that used to interbreed can no longer due to GI or RI, forming 2 new species

14. Name 2 body structures which changed to enable early humans to walk upright? Pelvis Foramen Magnum

15. What is the term what means that a cell has only one set of chromosomes? Haploid

16. What is another name for a sudden change in genetic structure? Mutation

17. What is a trait controlled by a gene on the X chromosome called? Sex Linked

18. What is the name of the project that mapped all the genes in the human body? Human Genome Project

19. Name one technique to determine the age of a fossil. Relative Dating Absolute Dating

20. What is meant by “survival of the fittest?” The “Best Adapted” organism survives

21. How did humans probably get to North America? Bering Straight

22. What is the box-like chart used in genetics to predict results called? Punnett Square

23. How is transcription different from translation? Transcription: Nucleus; DNA -> mRNA Translation: Ribosome; mRNA - > tRNA

24. Skin color and eye color are traits that are affected by what kind of inheritance? Polygenic

25. How did the earliest cells probably get energy? chemosynthesis

26. Name a mechanism for genetic change in a population. Genetic drift Migration (Gene flow) mutation

Bipedalism Opposable Thumb 27. Name 2 major advances in primate evolution over the last 65 million years. Bipedalism Opposable Thumb

28. Give an example of two animals that show convergent evolution. Sharks & Dolphins Hummingbird & Moth Birds & Bats

29. What does it mean to be heterozygous? 1 Dominant allele & 1 Recessive Allele

30. Name the molecule that carries the genetic message from the nucleus to the ribosomes. mRNA

31. What type of inheritance pattern is red-green colorblindness? Sex-Linked

Test Cross or Back Cross 32. How would a person find out whether their pet mouse is heterozygous or homozygous dominant for a trait? Test Cross or Back Cross (mate a recessive one with one you want to identify)

33. What is the name of the supercontinent that existed about 245 million years ago? Pangea

34. Give an example of analogous structures. Wings (birds & insects)

35. What is the nickname for the most famous Australopithecus fossil ever found? Lucy

36. Meiosis results in a type of cell which is all the following except: a) haploid b) gametes c) 2n d) sex cells c) 2n

a) more variety is produced 37. The major advantage of reproducing sexually is that in the production of gametes: a) more variety is produced b) less variety is produced c) all cells are identical d) no mutations occur a) more variety is produced

38. If a child is affected with a hereditary disease but neither parent had the condition, the condition would most likely be: Recessive

carrier mothers to sons 39. How is a sex-linked condition like color blindness (which is located on the X chromosome) most commonly passed? From whom-to-whom? carrier mothers to sons

a wide range of variety in the phenotypes 40. A trait which is controlled by a polygenic pattern of inheritance would show how many phenotypes a wide range of variety in the phenotypes

41. What is the name for a molecule from bacteria that can be used to cut DNA? Restriction Enzyme

42. In order to determine if an animal was bipedal, scientists would look at these structures. Pelvis Skull

43. What type of fossil was “Lucy” Australopithicus afarensus

44. Which was older; A. africanus or A. afarensus?

45. How did the first prokaryotes obtained their food by consuming organic molecules available in their environment