1. CMS Obj.10-14 State Correlation Obj. 2a-2d
Heredity
CMS Obj.10-14
State Correlation Obj. 2a-2d

2. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
Chemical inside cell that contains hereditary information
Controls how an organism will look & behave
Shaped like a twisted ladder
Rungs hold genetic information that is a pair of bases

3. DNA Video

4. Reproduction
Organisms produce offspring through the process of reproduction.
The purpose is to transfer DNA
DNA passes from cell to cell in a process called Mitosis
Two types of reproduction
Asexual
Sexual

5. Mitosis
Process by which a cell divides to form two new identical cells
Two main steps:
DNA in the nucleus is copied
Nucleus Divides into 2 identical nuclei
Purpose is for growth, repair, or asexual reproduction

6. Asexual Reproduction
New organisms produced with the same hereditary information as the parent using the process of Mitosis (one parent)
Examples:
One-celled organisms (bacteria)
Regeneration: replacing lost body parts (lizard’s tail)
Budding: new organism grows out of the old one (hydra)
Cloning: make copies of an
organism (grow new plant from
part of another plant)

7. Asexual Reproduction Video

8. Sexual Reproduction
New organisms is produced from the combined DNA of TWO different cells called sex cells.
Male is called sperm & Female is called egg
Fertilization occurs when an egg and sperm unite to form a new organism with half of each parent’s DNA
Plants sexually reproduce from male and female parts of a flower
Sex cells are formed by the process of Meiosis

9. Meiosis
A double cell division process that produces 4 new cells called gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell
Human sex cells have 23 chromosomes

10. Mitosis & Meiosis

11. Group Time
Transfer DNA
Nucleus divides twice
Nucleus divides once
Two new cells
New cells identical to original
four new cells
Haploid
New cells have half the genetic information as original
Starts with one cell
Produces sex cells
Reproductive process
Diploid
Use the following phrases to create a double-bubble map to compare and contrast Mitosis & Meiosis

12. MUTATIONS A mutation is a change in a gene or chromosome.
Occurs because of an error during mitosis or meiosis or because of something in the environment.
Some mutations are beneficial, some are harmful, and some are neutral.
Examples: four-leaf clover, seedless grapes, & albino rabbit

13. LET’S REVIEW Complete the following thinking maps
Mitosis as
2 cells
divides once
Use a tree map to classify organisms that use different types of reproduction

14. Group Time
Use a double-bubble map to compare and contrast Asexual & Sexual Reproduction

15. Genetics: The study of Inheritance

16. The passing of traits from parent to offspring
Heredity
The passing of traits from parent to offspring
Traits: physical characteristics of an organism
Example: eye color, hair color, & height

17. Passing Traits to Offspring
Sex cells have 23 chromosomes and the two sex cells combine to form body cells with 46 chromosomes.
In fertilization, one sperm joins with one egg.
The offspring receives half of its genetic information from its mother and the other half from its father.

18. Genetics
The study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring by looking at genes
Genes are small sections of DNA on a chromosomes that has information about a trait
Each chromosome has a gene for the same trait (eye color from mom & eye color from dad)
Traits are determined by alleles on the chromosomes
Each gene of a gene pair is called an allele
Inherited traits are determined by the alleles on the chromosome

19. Group Time
Use a brace map to show parts of DNA using the following terms
Chromosomes
Gene
allele

20. DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE
Dominant Alleles describe a genetic factor that is always expressed.
It prevents a recessive trait from showing up in offspring.
Represented by capital letters (B)
Recessive Alleles describe a genetic factor that is not always expressed.
It only expresses itself when both of the recessive traits are inherited
Represented by lowercase letters (b)

21. Group Time
Use a double-bubble map to compare and contrast Dominant & Recessive Alleles

22. INHERITANCE & PASSING TRAITS

23. Examining & Studying Traits
Two ways scientist study traits
Phenotype: outside expression of a gene
Blue Eyes
Genotype: the two alleles a person has inherited that can only be seen on the DNA
BB, Bb, or bb
Two categories of genotypes
Homozygous: inherited two identical alleles
BB (pure dominant) or bb (pure recessive)
Heterozygous: inherited two different alleles
Bb (hybrid)

24. Use a double-bubble map to compare and contrast genotype & phenotype
Group Time
Use a double-bubble map to compare and contrast genotype & phenotype
Use a tree map to classify the following genotypes: DD,Dd,dd,ee,LL,Ll,Hh,HH,Ss,tt,

25. B b BB Bb bb Punnett Squares
Shows all possible combinations of alleles that children can inherit from parents
Mom’s genotype for brown eyes (Bb)
Dad’s genotype for brown eyes (Bb)
Offspring’s Phenotype
75% brown, 25% blue
Offspring’s Genotype
25% BB, 50% Bb, 25% bb B b BB Bb bb

26. DOMINANT & RECESSIVE

27. VARIATIONS
Variations are the different ways that a certain trait appears.
These variations would allow one offspring to have light brown hair & another to have darker brown hair

28. Genetic Advantages & Disadvantages
Selective Breeding organisms for a certain trait
Pure breeding
Advantages: allows breeder to have desirable traits expressed in offspring
Disadvantages: unfavorable traits can be passed & lack variety to survive diseases or climate changes
Hybrid
Advantages: has genetic variety to increase variations that allows species to adapt to climate changes or recover from diseases
Disadvantages: traits are uncertain in predicting