ESSENTIALS OF PSYCHOLOGY 8TH EDITION By Robert Feldman Powerpoint slides by Kimberly Foreman

STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS CHAPTER FOUR: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

MODULE 12: Sleep and Dreams What are the different states of consciousness? What happens when we sleep, and what are the meaning and function of dreams?

MODULE 12: Sleep and Dreams What are the major sleep disorders, and how can they be treated? How much do we daydream?

Consciousness Awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings we experience at a given moment Waking consciousness Altered states of consciousness

The Stages of Sleep Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Characterized by rapid, low-amplitude brain waves Stage 2 Slower, more regular wave pattern Sleep spindles Stage 3 Higher peaks and lower valleys of waves Stage 4 Slower and more regular, least responsive to outside stimulation

Figure 3 of Module 12

REM Sleep: The Paradox of Sleep Rapid Eye Movement Back-and-forth movement of one’s eyes Accompanied by dreams Muscles appear to be paralyzed Rebound effect

Why Do We Sleep, and How Much Sleep Is Necessary? Exact reason for sleep is unknown Several theories exist Most people sleep between seven and eight hours per night Varies among individuals

The Function and Meaning of Dreams Unconscious Wish Fulfillment Theory Sigmund Freud Latent content of dreams Manifest content of dreams Figure 7 of Module 12

The Function and Meaning of Dreams Dreams-for-Survival Theory Permit one to reconsider and reprocess during sleep information that is critical for one’s daily survival

The Function and Meaning of Dreams Activation-Synthesis Theory Brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep, possibly as a result of changes in the production of particular neurotransmitters, which in turn stimulates random memories that are turned into a storyline

Figure 6 of Module 12

Sleep Disturbances: Slumbering Problems Insomnia Sleep Apnea Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Night Terrors Narcolepsy Sleep Talking Sleep Walking

Circadian Rhythms: Life Cycles Biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a twenty-four-hour cycle Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) Controls circadian rhythms Seasonal affective disorder

Daydreams: Dreams Without Sleep Fantasies that people construct while awake Typical part of waking consciousness Time spent in daydreaming varies from individual to individual

Sleeping Better Exercise during the day Choose a regular bedtime and stick to it Avoid drinks with caffeine after lunch Drink a glass of warm milk at bedtime Avoid sleeping pills Try not to sleep

MODULE 13: Hypnosis and Meditation What is hypnosis, and are hypnotized people in a different state of consciousness? What are the effects of meditation?

Hypnosis: A Trance-Forming Experience Trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others Susceptibility to hypnosis varies greatly

Hypnosis: A Trance-Forming Experience A Different State of Consciousness? Uses Controlling pain Reducing smoking Treating psychological disorders Assisting in law enforcement Improving athletic performance

Meditation: Regulating Our Own State of Consciousness Learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness Repetition of a mantra Figure 1 of Module 13

MODULE 14: Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of Consciousness What are the major classifications of drugs, and what are their effects?

MODULE 14: Drug Use: The Highs and Lows of Consciousness Psychoactive Drugs Influence a person’s emotions, perceptions, and behavior Addictive Drugs Produce a biological or psychological dependence in the user Figure 1 of Module 14

Stimulants: Drug Highs Drugs whose effect on the central nervous system causes a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension Caffeine Nicotine Amphetamines Methamphetamine Cocaine Figure 4 of Module 14

Depressants: Drug Lows Impedes the nervous system by causing neurons to fire more slowly Alcohol Intoxication Binge drinking Figure 6 of Module 14

Barbiturates Form of Depressant Prescribed by physicians to induce sleep or reduce stress Rohypnol “Date rape drug”

Narcotics: Relieving Pain and Anxiety Morphine Heroin Methadone Synthetic chemical that satisfies a heroin user’s physiological cravings for the drug without providing the “high” that accompanies heroin

Hallucinogens: Psychedelic Drugs Produces hallucinations, or changes in the perceptual process Marijuana Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) MDMA (Ecstasy) Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Figure 7 of Module 14