copyright cmassengale PROTEIN SYNTHESIS copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale DNA and Genes copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale DNA DNA contains_______, sequences of nucleotide bases These Genes code for ___________ (proteins) ________ are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Genes & Proteins Proteins are made of ______________linked together by peptide bonds ____ different amino acids exist copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Polypeptides Amino acid chains are called __________ copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale DNA Begins the Process ______ is found inside the _______ _________, however, are made in the _________ of cells by organelles called ribosomes Ribosomes may be free in the cytosol or attached to the _______________________ copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Starting with DNA ______ ____must be copied and taken to the cytosol In the cytoplasm, this _______________ so amino acids can be assembled to make polypeptides (proteins) This process is called _____________________ copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale RNA copyright cmassengale
_____ is the MASTER PLAN _____ is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan Roles of RNA and DNA _____ is the MASTER PLAN _____ is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale RNA Differs from DNA RNA has a sugar _______ DNA has a sugar ___________ copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Other Differences RNA contains the base ______ (U) DNA has ______ (T) RNA molecule is ______-______ DNA is ______-________ DNA copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Structure of RNA Like DNA, RNA is a polymer of nucleotides. In an RNA nucleotide, the sugar ribose is attached to a phosphate molecule and to a base, either G, U, A, or C. Notice that in RNA, the base uracil replaces thymine as one of the pyrimidine bases. RNA is single-stranded, whereas DNA is double-stranded. copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale . Three Types of RNA _________ ____ (mRNA) copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomes _________ ____ (rRNA), along with protein, makes up the ribosomes _________ ____ (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale The Genetic Code A _____ designates an _____ _____ An amino acid may have more than one codon There are 20 amino acids, but _______________ Some codons tell the ribosome to ____ translating copyright cmassengale
Remember the Complementary Bases On DNA: A-T C-G On RNA: A-U copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Codons and Anticodons The 3 bases of an anticodon are ___________ to the 3 bases of a codon Example: Codon ACU Anticodon UGA UGA ACU copyright cmassengale
Transcription and Translation copyright cmassengale
Pathway to Making a Protein DNA mRNA tRNA (ribosomes) Protein copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Protein Synthesis The _________ or synthesis of ___________ (proteins) Two phases: Transcription & Translation mRNA must be processed before it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic cells copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Transcription The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA, the ______ ______ mRNA copies the template strand Requires the enzyme ____ ___________ copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Template Strand copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Question: What would be the complementary RNA strand for the following DNA sequence? DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’ copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Answer: DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’ RNA 3’-CGCAUAC-5’ copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Transcription During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and ______________________ RNA Polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into RNA copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale RNA Polymerase copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale mRNA Processing After the DNA is transcribed into RNA, ______ must be done to the nucleotide chain to make the RNA functional _______, non-functional segments of DNA are snipped out of the chain copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale mRNA Editing ______, segments of DNA that code for proteins, are then rejoined by the enzyme _____ A guanine triphosphate cap is added to the 5” end of the newly copied mRNA A poly A tail is added to the 3’ end of the RNA The newly processed mRNA can then leave the nucleus copyright cmassengale
Result of Transcription New Transcript Tail CAP copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale mRNA Transcript mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ribosomes copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Translation Translation is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain Ribosomes read mRNA three bases or 1 _____ at a time and construct the proteins copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Transcription Transcription occurs when DNA acts as a template for mRNA synthesis. Translation occurs when the sequence of the mRNA codons determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Translation copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Ribosomes Made of a large and small subunit Composed of rRNA (40%) and proteins (60%) Have ____ ______ for tRNA attachment --- P and A copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Step 1- Initiation mRNA ________ start codon AUG attaches to the small ribosomal subunit Small subunit attaches to large ribosomal subunit mRNA transcript copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Ribosomes Large subunit P Site A Site mRNA A U G C Small subunit copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Step 2 - Elongation As ribosome moves, two tRNA with their amino acids move into site A and P of the ribosome _______ _____ join the amino acids copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Initiation 2-tRNA G aa2 A U 1-tRNA U A C aa1 anticodon A U G C U A C U U C G A hydrogen bonds codon mRNA copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Elongation 3-tRNA G A aa3 peptide bond aa1 aa2 1-tRNA 2-tRNA anticodon U A C G A U A U G C U A C U U C G A hydrogen bonds codon mRNA copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale aa1 peptide bond 3-tRNA G A aa3 aa2 1-tRNA U A C (leaves) 2-tRNA G A U A U G C U A C U U C G A mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale peptide bonds 4-tRNA G C U aa4 aa1 aa2 aa3 2-tRNA 3-tRNA G A U G A A A U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale peptide bonds 4-tRNA G C U aa4 aa1 aa2 aa3 2-tRNA G A U (leaves) 3-tRNA G A A A U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale peptide bonds U G A 5-tRNA aa5 aa1 aa2 aa4 aa3 3-tRNA 4-tRNA G A A G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale peptide bonds U G A 5-tRNA aa5 aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 3-tRNA G A A 4-tRNA G C U G C U A C U U C G A A C U mRNA Ribosomes move over one codon copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale aa5 aa4 aa199 Termination aa3 primary structure of a protein aa200 aa2 aa1 terminator or stop codon 200-tRNA A C U C A U G U U U A G mRNA copyright cmassengale
End Product –The Protein! The end products of protein synthesis is a ______ ______ of a protein A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa200 aa199 copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Messenger RNA (mRNA) A U G C mRNA start codon codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 codon 7 codon 1 methionine glycine serine isoleucine alanine stop codon protein Primary structure of a protein aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 peptide bonds copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale