ENERGY & CELLULAR RESPIRATION

We eat and breathe to get energy, carbon dioxide as waste and water.

ATP Adenosine triphosphate ATP - immediate usable energy supply for cells. All activities require ATP 10 million molecules of ATP are generated per second for a working muscle.

Three stages of respiration Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation

Glycolysis Occurs in cytosol No O2 needed Glucose (sugar) is changed to 2 pyruvates ATP produced - only 2 NADH is also produced from the following reaction: NAD+ + H  NADH - NAD + acts as a taxi - takes H to another step

Citric Acid Cycle The 2 pyruvates from glycolysis enter the Citric acid cycle after being groomed Grooming brings pyruvate into mitochondria by changing it Changes are: - another NADH is produced - CO2 given off - turns pyruvate into acetyl CoA What does pyruvate enter the citric acid cycle as?

Entering Citric Acid Cycle Acetyl CoA enters Citric Acid cycle CAC can only take one at a time so it must turn 2 times since there’s 2 acetyl CoA per glucose molecule

Citric Acid Cycle Produces After 2 turns of the cycle these are produced 6 NADH 2 FADH 4 CO2 2 ATP

Oxidative Phosphorylation Occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria 2 things happening together - electron transport chain - chemiosmosis Uses NADH and FADH to produce ATP

Electron Transport Chain H are removed from the NADH and FADH H’s are passed from one molecule to another until they end up on oxygen. What will this produce? The passing of the H’s creates a force that causes chemiosmosis water

Chemiosmosis A complex of proteins called ATP synthase produces ATP The force for this is the movement of the electrons and protons due to the reactions of NADH and FADH

Poisons interrupt cellular respiration

Fermentation An anaerobic alternative to cellular respiration Glycolysis is the 1st step Two types: - alcohol (ethanol) fermentation - lactic acid fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation Produces: - the 2 ATP from glycolysis - lactic acid Muscle cells do this when O2 in high demand

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcohol Fermentation Yeast cells do this Produces: - the 2 ATP from glycolysis - Co2 - alcohol (ethanol)

Alcohol Fermentation