Rise of “Terrorism” in the Middle East Movement for strict Islamic interpretation following Western powers enrich ruling families of Middle East, leaving many poor Spread of Western values due to oil industry Division of Palestine in 1948, creation and continued support of Israel Rise of Al-Qaeda (the base) Response to 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Bin Laden from wealthy family, used money to fund anti-Soviet resistance (described as “freedom fighters” Indirectly worked with CIA* (disputed) Soviet retreat convinced Bin Laden that super powers could be beat Angered over Saudi Arabia’s decision to allow western troops in for the Persian Gulf War.

September 11, 2001 New York – Arlington – Shanksville

New York City In the early morning hours of September 11, 2001, four commercial airliners were hijacked. 8:46 a.m. – American Airlines Flight 11 was the first to crash into the North Tower of the World Trade Center. Approximately seventeen minutes later, United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower.

Arlington, Virginia Terrorists hijack American Airlines Flight 77 and crash it into the Pentagon

Shanksville, Pennsylvania The fourth plane, United Airlines Flight 93, was expected to head toward the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. However, passengers decided to take action after discovering the plan At 10:03 A.M., the plane crashed in a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, killing everyone onboard. On September 11, 2010, Former First Lady Laura Bush and First Lady Michele Obama visited the site of United Airlines Flight 93 airplane crash.

After Effects and Costs Months to complete the rescue and recovery efforts. The fires beneath the rubble burned for weeks, and the cleanup was not fully complete until May 2002. Roughly 3,000 dead and 6,000 injured Largest attack on United States territory since Pearl Harbor.

Military and Legislative Response Osama bin Laden claims responsibility for attacks Global War on Terror launched, immediate military attacks on Afghanistan Taliban regime Focus on any nation sponsoring terrorism, not just confined to Afghanistan “AXIS OF EVIL” (Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Libya) Funding for terrorism froze internationally Office of Homeland Security created Controls Coast Guard, Border Control, Immigration, Customs, FEMA, and others with the hope to consolidate efforts Patriot Act 2001 (ant-terrorism bill) Allowed secret searches, nation-wide warrants, easier wiretaps, tracking and seizing of internet communications Anthrax attacks in mail 2001 News organizations, Senators house in DC, government buildings, 2 mail workers died, no arrests

USA PATRIOT ACT Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 http://www.scn.org/ccapa/pa-vs-const.html http://www.kean.edu/~eslprog/accents/2006/page2006_13.html