Europeans Claim Muslim Lands European nations expand their empires by seizing territories from Muslim states.

Ottoman Empire Loses Power After Suleyman I dies in 1566, empire starts to decline Ottoman Empire falls behind Europe in technology Selim III attempts to modernize army and is overthrown Subject peoples in Greece and Serbia gain independence European powers look for ways to take Ottoman lands

Europeans Grab Territory Geopolitics Geopolitics –taking land for its strategic location or products Access to sea trade routes focuses attention on Ottoman lands Russia and the Crimean War Crimean War –Russia attacks Ottomans in 1853 to gain warm- water port Russia loses, but Ottomans are shown to be weak; still lose land

Europeans Grab Territory The Great Game –war waged between Russia and Britain over India Battles fought in Afghanistan until British withdrawal in 1881

Egyptians Initiate Reforms Military and Economic Reforms Muhammad Ali breaks away from Ottoman control and rules Egypt Begins series of reforms in military and economy Shifts Egyptian agriculture from food crops to cash crops

Egyptians Initiate Reforms The Suez Canal Egypt builds Suez Canal – human-made waterway Connects Red Sea to Mediterranean Modernization efforts create huge debt British oversee financial control of canal, occupy Egypt in 1882

Persia Pressured to Change The Exploitation of Persia Russia wants access to Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean Britain wants Persian oil and Afghanistan Persia concedes to Western businesses Battle over Tobacco Persian rulers sells concession to Britain to export tobacco Persians boycott tobacco, leads to riots In 1907, Russia and Britain seize and divide Persia between them

Examining the Political Cartoons

British Imperialism in India As the Mughal Empire declined, Britain seizes Indian territory and soon it controls almost the whole subcontinent

British Expand Control over India East India Company Dominates British East India Company rules India until 1850s Company has its own army led by British officers Army is staffed by sepoys –Indian soldiers

British Expand Control over India Britain’s “Jewel in the Crown” India is Britain’s most valuable colony, or “jewel in the crown” Forced to produce raw materials for British manufacturing Also forced to buy British goods

British Expand Control over India British Transport Trade Goods Railroads move cash crops and goods faster Trade in specific crops is tied to international events Impact of Colonialism British hold much of political and economic power Cash crops result in loss of self-sufficiency, famine Indian life disrupted by missionaries and racist attitudes British modernize India’s economy, improve public health

The Sepoy Mutiny Indians Rebel Turning Point Sepoys refuse to use cartridges of new rifles for religious reasons Many sepoys are jailed; others start Sepoy Mutiny against British Many Indians, especially Sikhs, remain royal to British Turning Point British put down rebellion, take direct command of India Raj –refers to British rule after India came under the British crown Uprising increases distrust between British and Indians

Nationalism Surfaces in India Call for Reforms In 1800s, Ram Mohun Roy leads modernization movement Many Indians adopt western ways and call for social reforms Indians resent being second-class citizens in own country Nationalists Groups Form Indian National Congress and Muslim League form Nationalists angered by partition of Bengal Pressure forces Britain to divide it differently

China Resists Outside Influence Western economic pressure forces China to open to foreign trade and influence.

China and the West Rejecting Western Goods In 1793, China rejects gifts brought by British ambassador China is strong politically because it is largely self- sufficient agriculture, mining, manufacturing sectors highly productive

China and the West The Tea-Opium Connection Guangzhou, southern port, is only port open to foreign trade China earns more from its exports than it spends on imports British smuggle opium (late 1700s); many Chinese become addicted

China and the West War Breaks Out In 1839, Opium War erupts—fight caused by opium trade China loses the war to more modern British navy Treaty of Nanjing (1842) gives British control of Hong Kong In 1844, other nations win extraterritorial rights Rights mean foreigners exempt from laws at Guangzhou, other ports

Growing Internal Problems Population Problems China’s population booms from 1790 to 1850 Crop yields do not grow as fast, producing widespread hunger, unrest The Taiping Rebellion In late 1830s, Hong Xiuquan recruits followers to build new China Taiping Rebellion—name given Hong’s movement; taiping— “great peace” In 1850s, Hong’s army grows large, captures large areas in southeast By 1864, rebellion defeated by internal fighting, outside attack

Foreign Influence Grows Resistance to Change Dowager Empress Cixi rules China most years from 1862 to 1908 Supports reforms aimed at education, government, military Otherwise prefers traditional ways

Foreign Influence Grows Other Nations Step In China suffers attacks from other nations; forced to grant more rights Europeans, Japan gain spheres of influence—areas of economic control U.S. declares Open Door Policy (1899) Chinese trade open to all nations

Foreign Influence Grows

An Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism Growing Dissension Many Chinese resent growing power of outsiders, press for change In 1898, Emperor Guangxu enacts reforms; Cixi, restored, ends them

An Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism The Boxer Rebellion Anti-government, anti-European peasants form secret organization In 1900, they launch Boxer Rebellion—their campaign for reforms Rebels take Beijing, but foreign army defeats them, ending rebellion Though rebellion fails, Chinese nationalism surges

An Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism The Beginnings of Reform Cixi and other conservatives recognize necessity of reform In 1905, she sends officials abroad to study other governments In 1906, Cixi begins making reforms but they move slowly Unrest continues for four more decades