The Maritime Revolution to 1550 Chapter 15 Know maps on p 378 &382 & 383 Eric Schoenbaum/ Venice HS/ eschoenb@comcast.net

Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450

Pacific Ocean 0 - 1200, Polynesian peoples from Malay Peninsula go to: New Guinea, Melanesia, Easter Island, Hawaii, New Zealand Not accidental voyages but colonization

Polynesian Settlement

Easter Island

Indian Ocean Malay people settle Madagascar Rise of Islam gives Indian Ocean trade a boost. Networks of trade develop throughout area. Review also Zheng He’s Indian O. voyages 1417 - 33.

Atlantic Ocean Vikings Northern European raiders use open ships to attack coastal European settlements for several centuries. Also settle Iceland 770, Greenland 982 and Newfoundland - cold returns. Caribs and Inca settle northward (see map p.382) Collapse

Viking Ship

European Expansion Iberian expansion overseas has several motives - religious (crusading), economic (the Italians had a much higher portion of Asian trade), and political (expand newly consolidated nations) Maritime and military technological advances make it possible To this must be added individual ambitions and skill of Henry the Navigator

Portuguese draw on Crusading tradition Iberians (Portugal & Spain) take risks they use from China magnetic compass & from Greeks or Arabs astrolabe Portuguese draw on Crusading tradition Henry is head of Orders of Christ 1415 Ceurta, Morocco - can’t get to trans Saharan gold trade Creates “lab” 1418 Madeira

Use small ship with cannon & Lateen sail 1444 Senegal River - Cape Verde 1st financial reward - sell slaves from raids By 1500 - 80,000 By 1457 enough gold to mint Cruzado (Crusade) 1488 Dias rounds tip of Africa Sao Tome on equator soon sugar plantation worked by slaves 1497 - 8 Vasco Da Gama

Portuguese Caravel

Vasco Da Gama

Spain - not planning like Portugal but luck Too busy uniting realm, driving religious minorities out & conquering Muslims Columbus 1492 - To avoid fights Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 1513 Balboa Pacific 1522 Magellan circumnavigates globe sees Moluccas (Spice Islands) are Portuguese Lays basis for Spanish colonization of Philippines after 1564

Encounters with Europe Early Portuguese exchanges with Africans on Gold Coast beneficial to both sides Benin & Congo two largest kingdoms invite Portuguese. Try Christianity - like the guns but for Kongo weakness means monopoly on slave trade lost - both limit contacts w Portuguese. Slave trade goes further S.

Benin Sculpture

E. African leaders suspicious of Portuguese 1505 bombardment of Swahili coast justifies attitude Weakened Christian Ethiopia assaulted by African Muslim backed by Ottomans who conquered Egypt in 1517 Portuguese aid saves Ethiopia

Ottoman v HRE at Lepanto 1571 Ottoman loss

India Da Gama makes little impression Portuguese intend to assert control over once open Indian O. Take Goa, Malacca (important entrepot) and 1557 Macao lets them trade with China & Japan Attempt to force tax & Portuguese transshiping. Emperors of China & Mughal India ignore Ottomans attack - fails Portuguese never complete control of Indian O., but domination of key ports & trade routes make Portugal profit. Since sea power little impact on interior

Americas Columbus to Hispaniola - 2nd trips slaughter, rape, loot kill tens of thousands of Arawaks Horses, germs, body armor, steel sword, muskets Conquistadors - 1519 Cortes - Aztecs (Moctezuma) Pizzaro - Incas - Atajualpa 1536 fall. 50 years after Columbus, Spanish dominance complete. Not true in Asia and Africa where no demographic calamity Forces labor, forced conversion & systems for administering conquered land developed in Reconquest

Aztecs Hosting Cortes

Pizarro Seizing Inca