15 Lighting

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Identify the various types of lighting instruments and cite unique characteristics of each. Compare the characteristics of incandescent lamps with the characteristics of fluorescent lamps. Explain how the color temperature of light affects the video image. Objectives

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Recall methods to control lighting intensity. Identify the steps in the procedure to light a set. Describe the television lighting techniques presented and identify the instruments used with each technique. Objectives

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Functions of Lighting Meet technical requirements of camera Meet aesthetic requirements of director

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Creating 3-D Appearance on TV Shoot people and objects in 3/4 angle Apply makeup and set paint properly Arrange set elements in fore-, middle-, and background Use shallow depth of field Use creative lighting and shadowing techniques

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Consumer vs. Professional Terms Consumer Lamp Lightbulb Professional Instrument Lamp

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Types of Light Hard light Soft light

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Lighting Instruments Spotlights, or spotsSpotlights Flood light Scoop

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Lighting Instruments (Cont.) Fresnel

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Accessories Barndoors Cinefoil, Blackwrap, or heavy duty aluminum foil Form sheet into cylinder Attach to front of instrument Turn instrument on Shape foil by hand to create shadow pattern

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Preventing Light HitsLight Hits Flag Spray item with photo dulling spray Spray item with inexpensive hair spray

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Preventing Light Hits (Cont.)

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Safety Note Light fixtures operate at extremely high temps They can ignite flammable objects They can severely burn human skin! Always wear work gloves to prevent injury Recommended gloves are inexpensive cotton gloves with leather palms and fingers

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Incandescent Lamps High heat outputdangerous to touch with bare hands Spreads wide light frequency, more than camera needs Brightness can make talent squint on set More costly than fluorescent lamps

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Preserving Life of Incandescent Lamps Do not: Turn off and on in rapid succession Move them when they are hot Close barndoors, trapping heat inside instrument Point straight down; heat then enters instrument Handle lamp with bare fingers

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Fluorescent Lamps Soft, even glow Relatively inexpensive Low heat outputwill not burn hands Long life span Produce much more light per watt than incandescent

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Supports Floor stand Advantages: Ease of movement, necessary for remote shoot Disadvantages: Can tip over easily, power cord is tripping hazard, occupy much floor space C-clamp

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Kelvin Color Temperature Scale

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. White Light Equal to 3200°Kelvin (3200K)3200°Kelvin Needed for proper colors and flesh tones on TV Cooler (lower) color temps produce yellowish or reddish tints Hotter (higher) color temps produce greenish or bluish tints

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Common Color Temperatures Consumer lightbulbs: 2000°Kelvin (20K) yellowish TV studio lamps: 3200°Kelvin (32K)white Commercial fluorescent office/school ceiling lamps: 4500°Kelvin (45K)greenish Sunlight: 5600°Kelvin (56K)bluish

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. White Balancing the Camera Camera needs to interpret white light to reproduce colors accurately To trick camera into seeing white light: Get illumination as close to 32K as possible Point camera at white object on set and manually press white balance button

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Gel

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Lighting Set with Colored Lights First, light set with white light to white balance camera Then, turn off white lights and turn on colored lightscamera will see each color

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Lighting Room Lit with Sunlight Place CTO (color temperature orange) gel on inside of window to absorb and convert blue light, or Place CTB (color temperature blue) gel on instruments inside the room to match blue sunlight. Then, perform white balance

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Lighting Intensity 3200K lights can have different wattage color is the same but varying amounts of light are produced Varying brightness of lamps is necessary to prevent hot and dark spots on set

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Varying Lighting Intensity Move instrument closer or farther away from set Replace lamp with lower or higher wattage lamp Place diffusion material or scrim in front of instrumentdiffusionscrim Use bounce lighting or dimmerbounce lightingdimmer

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Planning Set Lighting Light plot Basic hang, or rough hangBasic hang

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Light Plot

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Three-Point Lighting

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Key Light

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Fill Light

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Back Light Different from background light

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Three-Point Lighting

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Four-Point LightingFour-Point Lighting Set-up

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cross-Key LightingCross-Key Lighting Set-up

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Lighting with Fluorescents Same technique used with incandescents Most equipped with a honeycombhoneycomb

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Limbo Lighting

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Lighting Check Always view set under designed lighting on television monitor If bad image is displayed, stop shooting and determine if monitor is faulty If monitor is OK, then contrast, color, brightness, and tint may need adjustment

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Society of Television Lighting and Design Career Page

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. What are precautions to take when working with incandescent studio instruments and lamps? Do not jar them when they are hot. Do not touch them with your bare fingers, even when they are cold. Do not close barndoors completely. Do not point them straight down. Do not turn them off and on in rapid succession. Review Question

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. How do you light something using three- point lighting? The key light is above and to one side of camera at about the 4:30 spot. The fill light is on opposite side of camera and above it at about the 7:30 spot. The back light is above and behind subject at about the 12:00 spot. Review Question

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. What is the difference between hard and soft light? Hard light creates sharp, distinct, and dark shadow. Soft light produces indistinct, gradual change from light to dark with plenty of gray in between. Review Question

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. What are the functions of light in television? Allows camera to operate effectively and meet aesthetic requirements of director. Review Question

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Consumers call them lightbulbswhat to lighting professionals call them? Lamps Review Question

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. What is color temperature of white light? 32K, or 3200K, or 3200° Kelvin Review Question

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. What effect does temperature have on video image? Cooler temperatures produce yellowish or reddish tints, while hotter temperatures produce greenish or bluish tints. Review Question

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Name three ways to vary lighting intensity. Move instrument; use different wattage lamp; place diffusion material or scrim in front of instrument. Review Question

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. How do you white balance a camera? Try to get illumination as close to 32K as possible, then point camera at white object, then manually press white balance button. Review Question

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. How would you light a set that requires a lot of colored lights? First, white balance camera, then turn off white lights and turn on colored lights. Camera will see them as colored lights. Review Question

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. What is the difference between spotlights and flood lights? Spotlights provide circular light in small, defined area, while flood lights provide general lighting in larger area. Review Question

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. _____ lamps are more expensive and powerful, last longer, and create less heat than _____ lamps. Incandescent; fluorescent Review Question

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. What is produced when an instrument is pointed at a photographic reflector? A. Dimmer B. Bounce lighting C. Back light D. Diffusion B. Bounce lighting Review Question

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only Kelvin: The temperature of white light in degrees Kelvin. Also noted as 3200K or 32K when spoken. back light: A lighting instrument that is placed above and behind the talent or object in a shot, at the twelve oclock position, to separate the talent or object from the background. background light: A lighting instrument that is pointed at the background of a set. Glossary

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. barndoors: Fully moveable black metal flaps attached to the front of a lighting instrument; used to block or reshape the light. basic hang: The initial process of hanging instruments over the set according to the light plot and plugging them into the raceway. Also called a rough hang. Glossary

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. bounce lighting: A lighting technique where a lighting instrument is not pointed directly at the subject of the shot, but the light is bounced off of another object, such as a ceiling, wall, or the ground. C-clamp: A clamp in the shape of a C that is used to attach lighting instruments to the grid. Glossary

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. cross-key lighting: A lighting technique that combines more than one person or object in the lighting spread using only two key lights and one back light. diffusion: A translucent material that is placed in front of a lighting instrument to soften and reduce the intensity of light, without altering the color temperature. Glossary

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. dimmer: A device attached to the power control of a lighting instrument that regulates the amount of electricity that flows to the lamp. fill light: A lighting instrument that is placed opposite the key light and above the talent to provide illumination on the other side of the talents face or object in the shot. Glossary

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. flag: A flexible metal rod with a flat piece of metal attached to the end; used to block light from hitting certain objects on the set. flood light: A soft light instrument that provides general lighting in a large area. floor stand: A lighting support with three or four legs and a long vertical pole to which a lighting instrument is attached. Glossary

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. fluorescent lamp: Type of lamp that functions when electricity excites a gas in the lamp, which causes the material coating the inside of the lamp to glow (fluoresce) with a soft, even light. Glossary

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. four-point lighting: A lighting technique that uses four lighting instruments for each person or object photographed: two key lights and two fill lights. The two key lights are positioned diagonally opposite each other, and the two fill lights are placed in the remaining two corners. Glossary

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Fresnel: A hard light instrument that is lightweight and easily focused. gel: A heat resistant, thick sheet of plastic placed in front of a lighting instrument to turn white light from a lamp into a colored light. grid: A pipe system that hangs from the studio ceiling and supports the lighting instruments. Glossary

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. hard light: Type of illumination used in a studio that creates sharp, distinct, and very dark shadows. honeycomb: A device that attaches to fluorescent instruments to reduce the shape and size of the light beam, making the light more directional and easier to control. incandescent lamp: Type of lamp that functions when electricity is applied and makes a filament inside the lamp glow brightly. Glossary

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. instrument: The device into which a lamp is installed to provide illumination on a set. Kelvin Color Temperature Scale: A scale developed by the scientist Lord Kelvin for measuring color temperatures of light in degrees Kelvin. key light: The lighting instrument that provides the main source of illumination on the person or object in a shot. Glossary

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. lamp: Part of a lighting instrument that glows when electricity is supplied. light hit: A white spot or star shaped reflection of a lighting instrument or sunlight off of a highly reflective surface on the set. light plot: A diagram developed by the lighting designer that indicates the placement of lighting instruments on the set of a program. Glossary

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. limbo lighting: A lighting technique in which the background of the set is lit to create the illusion of a solid-color, indistinct background. raceway: The system of electrical cables and outlets used to power lighting instruments on the grid. The raceway either hangs beside the grid pipes or is mounted to the ceiling above the grid. Glossary

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. scoop: A common type of flood light with a half-spheroid shape that produces a great deal of light. scrim: A wire mesh or woven material placed in front of instrument to reduce the intensity of light. soft light: Type of illumination used in a studio that creates indistinct shadows. Glossary

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. spotlight: Type of hard light instrument that creates a circle of light in varying diameters. three-point lighting: A common lighting technique that uses three lighting instruments for each person or object photographed: a key light, a fill light, and a back light. Also called triangle lighting. Glossary