LETS GO OVER YOUR HOMEWORK Classical Conditioning REVIEW What is learning? Who is Ivan Pavlov? What is Classical Conditioning? What are synonyms for “conditioned” and “unconditioned” in classical conditioning? LETS GO OVER YOUR HOMEWORK

Being Shot PAIN That was EASY Flinching UCS UCR CS CR PAIN That was EASY Flinching THAT WAS EASY

Generalization refers to the tendency to have conditioned responses triggered by related stimuli. Discrimination refers to the learned ability to only respond to a specific stimuli, preventing generalization. Generalization occurs when a CR results from stimuli that are similar to the CS, even though these stimuli may never have been associated with the UCS. Example: After developing a conditioned salivation response to the beat of a metronome at 60 beats/minute, salivation will likely occur to the beat of a metronome at 50 or 70 beats/minute. The more similar the stimuli are to the CS, the greater the likelihood of generalization. Example: After developing a conditioned fear of a particular dog (poodle), a person might experience fear of other kinds of dogs similar to poodles. Discrimination occurs when stimuli similar to the CS do not result in a CR. This will happen only after repeated training in which the CS is paired with a UCS, but the similar stimuli are not paired with the UCS. Example: To get an animal to salivate only to a yellow circle, but not an orange one, you would pair the yellow circle with food and the orange circle with nothing, repeatedly. Example: If a person develops a fear of a large dog after an attack by a large dog but continues to have good experiences with small dogs, the person may fear only large dogs. difficulty of discrimination. Example: Discriminating a circle from a square would be easier than discriminating a circle from an ellipse.

More realistic example Getting dental work done (unconditioned stimulus) hurts (unconditioned response) Eventually the sound of the dentist’s drill (conditioned stimulus) causes anxiety, fear, or pain (conditioned response)

Generalization/Discrimination You may either generalize: respond the same to all drill sounds (similar stimuli), or Discriminate: If you learn to respond only to dental drill sounds (distinct stimuli)

Higher-Order Conditioning If the dog becomes conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, can the dog be conditioned to salivate when a light flashes…by associating it with the BELL instead of with food? Yes! The conditioned response can be transferred from the US to a CS, then from there to another CS. This is higher-order conditioning: turning a NS into a CS by associating it with another CS. A man who was conditioned to associate joy with coffee, could then learn to associate joy with a restaurant if he was served coffee there every time he walked in to the restaurant. Click to reveal bullets.

First-Order and Second-Order Conditioning First Order Conditioning. Bell + meat = salivation. Bell = Salivation. Second Order Conditioning (After first order conditioning has occurred) Light + Bell = Salivation. Light = Salivation.

extinction generalization discrimination Spontaneous recovery Quick Review Romeo used to love his GF’s perfume scent, but since they broke up it’s just another odor to him When Kim was small she got sick after eating a bad oyster. Now she refuses to eat anything that comes out of the sea Makoto hates the sight of bee, but loves to watch humming birds Mariah developed a fear of the water when she fell off a river raft last summer. This year she took swimming classes and is a good swimmer. She was eager to get back on a raft, but was terrified once she stepped on the raft. extinction generalization discrimination Spontaneous recovery

Which Kendall Jenner is prettier?

Role of Biology in Conditioning Classical Conditioning John Garcia and others found it was easier to learn associations that make sense for survival. Males in one study were more likely to see a pictured woman as attractive if the picture had a red border. Quail can have a sexual response linked to a fake quail more readily and strongly than to a red light. Click to reveal bullets.

Taste-aversion Learning A biological tendency in which an organism learns to avoid food with a certain taste after a single experience, if eating it is followed by illness Learned taste aversion may be nature's way of keeping us away from deadly foods. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

I WILL BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE LITTLE ALBERT STUDY WAS RELATED TO CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

John Watson and Little Albert a. To better understand the development of phobias, John Watson and Rosalie Rayner conditioned an infant (pseudonamed Little Albert) to fear a white rat. b. The sight of a white rat (CS) was paired with loud noise (UCS) until the CS alone produced crying and other responses indicative of fear (CR). c. This fear generalized to stimuli similar to the CS including a dog, monkey, rabbit, and fur coat. d. This demonstration showed that human emotional responses could develop as a result of classical conditioning and that most of our fears are learned rather than inborn. e. Psychologists are not sure what happened to Little Albert. Some researchers claimed to have solved the mystery (Beck, Levinson, & Irons, 2009), but there is still doubt about their conclusions (Powell, 2010; Powell, 2011).

John B. Watson and Classical Conditioning: Playing with Fear In 1920, 9-month-old Little Albert was not afraid of rats. John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner then clanged a steel bar every time a rat was presented to Albert. Albert acquired a fear of rats, and generalized this fear to other soft and furry things. Watson prided himself in his ability to shape people’s emotions. He later went into advertising. Click to reveal bullets. A different application of classical conditioning would include working with phobias; not just creating them, but eliminating them. Exposure to a conditioned stimulus (such as a store where panic attacks have occurred) without UR (the panic attack) can extinguish phobias, but to prevent spontaneous recovery, counterconditioning must occur (associating the store with a relaxed state).

Discussion: Was this an ethical study?

DISCUSSION QUESITIONS 1. Did the results of Watson and Rayner's experiment support their hypothesis? Explain. 2. How did Albert's response become generalized? 3. How were the principles of classical conditioning used to reduce Peter's fear of rabbits?