Norwegian presentation on LRIT from a Coastal State perspective 30/12/2018 Norwegian presentation on LRIT from a Coastal State perspective given by the Norwegian delegation to COMSAR intersessional meeting 2.3.2006

Introduction Norway is one of the worlds largest producers of oil and gas. All our installations are situated on the Norwegian Continental Shelf up to 150NM from our coastline. In addition Norway has a pipeline system which stretches beyond 200NM. This special situation of having installations of vital importance to our country far away from our coastline raises several security issues Given The Norwegian situation regarding our offshore resources we would like to focus on the need for including the rights of costal States in the LRIT system. As a Coastal State, Norway’s concerns are therefore not all together focused on our port facilities, but also closely connected to the advanced offshore infrastructure for oil and gas production 30/12/2018

There is also an extensive fishing industry within Norwegian and surrounding waters. LRIT can become an important tool for supervising the movement of vessels which can be a threat to resources and installations of vital importance. Norway has a need for tracking vessels passing our coastline, thus passing offshore installations and fishing banks 30/12/2018

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Locations and logistic challenges Several oil and gas fields are along the border between UK and Norway. Others lies close to defined shipping lanes. Ample time to make operative decisions is crucial Limited seaborne and airborne resources compared to our large area of interest. 30/12/2018

Major pipeline structure for oil and gas transportation 30/12/2018

Human resources Approx. 50 fields are in production on the Norwegian continental shelf Also MODU`s, FPSO/FSO and other floating petroleum related vessels 75.000 people employed in the oil/gas industry (2003) 5000 people working offshore 30/12/2018

The necessity of a secure delivery of oil and gas from the North Sea Oil/gas production is now the major industry in Norway Represents 47 % of total Norwegian export value USA and the European Union are all big consumers of Norwegian oil and gas Norway is a major world energy supplier A secure delivery is in the interest of all parties To secure the offshore industry is important for Norway and consumers of Norwegian energy. 30/12/2018

Main figures (2004) for Norway        Total production: 3,2 billion barrels of oil og 78 billion m3 of gas        Oil: 3. largest exporter og 7. largest producer        Gas: 3. largest exporter og 8. largest producer 30/12/2018

Coastal State’s Rights Surveillance and control of shipping activity is important for all Coastal States. This is not only relevant in relation to defence and security but also in relation to ensure stable, safe and secure sea lanes, traffic control and environmental awareness. The LRIT sytem could provide valuable information to Coastal State that would make the Coastal State more prepared for different kinds of unwanted incidents. 30/12/2018

Coastal States Rights A Coastal State has different rights in relation to its internal waters, territorial sea and EEZ. Economic Zones are limited to 200 nautical miles from the shore. Tracking beyond 200 nautical miles is necessary in order to predict incidents within the EEZ. The security needs of Coastal States are varied. For an oil- and gas producing country special attention has to be given to the numerous oil- and gas platforms located on the continental shelf under its jurisdiction. From a safety and security perspective the tracking distance cannot be determined from the shore only, but must also take into consideration oil and gas structures located far off shore. 30/12/2018

Tracking beyond the EEZ Norway’s need to be able to track ships beyond 200 nautical miles is based on the same concerns as those Coastal States that regards 200NM as sufficient tracking distance with main focus to secure their ports or cities. Norway needs an additional 200 NM “first detection zone” in order to effectively be able to use the LRIT system in regard to our oil and gas installations on our continental shelf. 30/12/2018

400NM LRIT distance 30/12/2018

The possibility to track deviation from a ship’s planned route It would be beneficial for safety, security, pollution prevention and traffic control to make information about the next port of call available for a Coastal State. Such information would enable the costal States to respond as early as possible regarding ships suspected of being a potential threat of any kind. 30/12/2018

The possibility to track deviation from a ship’s planned route By making information about the next port of call available to the Coastal State it will be possible to estimate an approximate track for each ship. This will make it easier for the Coastal State to take action if the ship diverge from this route through high-risk areas. Such areas could be areas with dense concentration of oil and gas drilling activity or other offshore installations. To give the Coastal State the right to receive this information does not create an additional working load for the master of the ship, as this information already will be made available to the Port State and the LRIT system. 30/12/2018

Other countries with offshore infrastucture similar to Norway’s Vietnam Kina Thailand Malaysia India Gulf of Guinea The Netherlands United Kingdom Denmark Saudi-Arabia Persian Gulf area Caspian region Brazil Venezuela 30/12/2018

Conclusion A LRIT system without Coastal State rights implemented will have limited value from a security perspective. For Norway advanced offshore infrastructure requires at least 200NM early detection zone in addition to EEZ. Stable and secure global energy deliveries should not only be a concern of Norway. Any incident causing severe disruption of energy supplies can have severe consequences for the world economy. Giving Coastal States the right to track ships outside their coastline, will contribute to minimizing the risk of such incidents. 30/12/2018

Thank you for your attention. For more information please visit: www.psa.no 30/12/2018