Nicolaus Copernicus (p 434) Polish, 1473 - 1543 Developed sun-centered universe theory Heliocentric: sun- centered

Galileo Galilei (p 435) Italian physicist & mathematician, 1564 -1642 Observed that Jupiter’s moons move around the planet, as Earth moves around the sun Contradict: to go against Why were his theories seen as radical?

Francis Bacon (p 436) English philosopher, 1561 – 1626 Philosopher: a person who is an expert in the study of knowledge Stressed experimentation and observation

René Descartes (p 436) French philosopher, 1596 – 1650 Emphasized human reasoning

Robert Boyle (p 438) Irish theologian and natural philosopher, 1627 – 1691 Opened the way for chemical analysis

Isaac Newton (p 438) English physicist & mathematician, 1643 – 1727 Developed laws of motion and mechanics Gravity: the force that pulls objects in Earth’s sphere to the center of the Earth Calculus: a branch of mathematics in which calculations are made using special symbolic notations

A Step-by-Step Process Scientific method: careful, step-by-step process used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis Hypothesis: an unproven theory accepted for the purpose of explaining certain facts or to provide a basis for further investigation