THE GLOBAL TRAVELS OF TWO 1959 REPORTS Jean M. Bartunek Boston College Thanks to Terese Loncar (Academy of Management), Livi Rodrigues RSCJ and Daphne Viveka RSCJ (Sophia College, Mumbai)

1959 Carnegie and Ford Foundation reports Severely criticized United States business school education. In general: Academics teaching there were a joke as scholars The curricula offered was terrible The caliber of students was appalling Their recommendations led to a much greater (and still controversial) emphasis on scholarly research and knowledge development by business school faculty.

The impacts….. Havent stayed with the US or North America For example, consider one of the changes in European management education in recent decades …

European shift in research emphases (Earlier) the dominant model focused on teaching and local influence, or professors careers were a mixture of teaching and consulting. Internationalization meant a change was required in this model towards a focus on research: international faculty wanted and needed to do research in order to maintain their value in international markets This set is motion a number of changes in universities, e.g. more pay for faculty. (Ricard, In Press)

Emphases on research and knowledge production and acquisition…. Are not confined to the US and Europe Are not confined to academics conducting scholarly research For example, organizations are knowledge creators Knowledge is now becoming the factor of production, sidelining both capital and labour, Peter Drucker This conference includes an emphasis on knowledge Thus....

There has been considerable growth in business education 6 Increasing participation Tertiary education Demand for business education Increasing competition Number of providers Number and breadth of programs B-school enrollments: 3.2 – 6.4 million students 15 – 30 billion USD in spending 3,710 new graduate management programs added between 1997 and 2007 Source: GFME

As a consequence: Demand for business school faculty capable of scholarship is increasing globally. Globally, the number of business doctoral programs and of business doctorates produced is increasing.

Doctoral degrees in management are currently awarded in 47 countries. Nine of these, China, Ghana, India, Morocco, Pakistan and the Philippines are classified as developing nations

However… The development of a research culture within business schools is just starting in many countries. The (sometimes mandated) teaching load is very high, especially in many developing countries Business schools still have a number of faculty without a doctoral degree and/or substantial research capabilities.

My understanding of the situation in India US and European emphases on research often require a more leisurely time-table than India provides in its institutes of higher education Teaching/Lecturing/Tutoring and consulting tend to be the primary faculty activities Aspects of management education which are becoming more crucial in India include Ethics, Risk Management and Crisis Management. (It isnt clear that there is adequate attention to these.)

Where might the Academy of Management come in? Founded in 1936, the Academy of Management is the oldest and largest scholarly management association. Today 1, the Academy is the professional home for 19,460 members from 110 nations. 1 Actually, Monday, June 27

Mission: To build a vibrant and supportive community of scholars by markedly expanding opportunities to connect and explore ideas. Vision: We inspire and enable a better world through our scholarship and teaching about management and organizations.

Some international development in the AOM In recent years international membership in the AOM has increased, on average, by 7.2% per year; nearly triple the growth rate of U.S. membership The Academy has about 550 members in 33 different developing nations. This represents a growth in membership of over 200% the past 10 – 12 years. The majority are in India and China.

Some global initiatives in which the Academy of Management participates AOM efforts have included support for the development of regional affiliates in Asia, Africa and Iberoamerica, membership assistance for Chinese scholars and access to best papers for translation and dissemination. AOM Connect offers native language community building. The Academy participates in JSTORs Africa Access Initiative In January 2013 the Academy will hold a second conference, in Johannesburg, with plans to support the attendance of African scholars

This brings many new learnings… One is that efforts like the EAM-I meetings are very important and valuable