Standard: a. Compare and contrast Presidential Reconstruction with Radical Republican Reconstruction.   EQ: 1. What were the main differences between Congressional (Radical Republican) Reconstruction and Presidential Reconstruction? Learning Target: I can explain the difference in Radical Reconstruction and Presidential Reconstruction.

Vocabulary Reconstruction Presidential Reconstruction Congressional Reconstruction Johnson’s impeachment Tenure of Office Act Freedman’s Bureau 13th amendment 14th amendment 15th amendment Black codes Ku Klux Klan Presidential Election of 1876 Compromise of 1877

Reconstruction Period of rebuilding the country after the Civil War

Presidential Reconstruction 10% Plan (Lincoln): Once ten percent of a southern state's 1860 voters had taken an oath of loyalty, the state could rejoin the Union.

Presidential Reconstruction Both Lincoln and Johnson provided for a generous amnesty to allow Southerners to retain their property and reacquire their political rights.

Presidential Reconstruction Johnson supported the 13th Amendment that abolished slavery but was reluctant to support Black suffrage believing this was an issue for states.

Radical Republican Reconstruction "Congress alone can do it... Congress must create states and declare whether they are to be represented." -- Thadeus Stevens

Radical Republican Reconstruction Believed the South should be punished for starting the war and hoped to protect the rights of Freedmen (former slaves).

Radical Republican Reconstruction Extended the Freedmen's Bureau (Over Johnson's Veto) to provide food, clothing, shelter, and education to freedmen and war refugees.

Radical Republican Reconstruction Civil Rights Act of 1866 (Passed over Johnson's Veto) designed to grant freedmen full legal equality, undercutting the Black Codes

Presidential Reconstruction Radical Republican Reconstruction 10% Plan (Lincoln): Once ten percent of a southern state's 1860 voters had taken an oath of loyalty, the state could rejoin the Union. Both Lincoln and Johnson provided for a generous amnesty to allow Southerners to retain their property and reacquire their political rights. Johnson supported the 13th Amendment that abolished slavery but was reluctant to support Black suffrage believing this was an issue for states. "Congress alone can do it... Congress must create states and declare whether they are to be represented." -- Thadeus Stevens Believed the South should be punished for starting the war and hoped to protect the rights of Freedmen (former slaves). Extended the Freedmen's Bureau (Over Johnson's Veto) to provide food, clothing, shelter, and education to freedmen and war refugees. Civil Rights Act of 1866 (Passed over Johnson's Veto) designed to grant freedmen full legal equality, undercutting the Black Codes

Radical Republican Reconstruction Reconstruction Act of 1867 (Passed over Johnson's Veto) Divided the South into 5 districts and placed them under military rule (disbanded governments readmitted under Lincoln/Johnson plans Required S. States to ratify the 14th Amendment Guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in conventions to write new state constitutions 15th Amendment

Standard: c. Describe the significance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments. EQ: What did the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments do? Learning Target: I can explain what the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments did.

Civil War Amendments 13th Amendment – abolition of slavery

Civil War Amendments 14th Amendment – granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US & declared that no state could deprive any person of life, liberty, or property “without due process of law. Also, no state could deny any person “equal protection of the laws.”

Civil War Amendments 15th Amendment – declared that the right to vote “shall not be denied…on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

13th Amendment – abolition of slavery 14th Amendment – granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US & declared that no state could deprive any person of life, liberty, or property “without due process of law. Also, no state could deny any person “equal protection of the laws.” 15th Amendment – declared that the right to vote “shall not be denied…on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

Standard d. Explain Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and other forms of resistance to racial equality during Reconstruction. EQ: How did Southern states fight racial equality in the South during Reconstruction? Learning Target: I can explain how Southern States resisted racial equality in the South during Reconstruction.

Black Codes – formed by the new Southern state legislatures. Intended to limit African American’s rights in the South. African Americans were required to enter into annual labor contracts. African American children had to accept apprenticeships Could not enter into town without permission

From 1868 through the early 1870s the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) functioned as a loosely organized group of political and social terrorists. The Klan's goals included political defeat of the Republican Party and the maintenance of absolute white supremacy in response to newly gained civil and political rights by southern blacks after the Civil War.

Vice President Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency on April 15, 1865 upon the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Johnson's succession created tension between himself and the Radical Republicans. Johnson notified Congress that he had removed Edwin Stanton as Secretary of War and was replacing him in the interim with Adjutant-General Lorenzo Thomas.

Johnson had wanted to replace Stanton with former General Ulysses S Johnson had wanted to replace Stanton with former General Ulysses S. Grant, who refused to accept the position. This violated the Tenure of Office Act, a law enacted by Congress in March 1867 over Johnson's veto, specifically designed to protect Stanton. Johnson had vetoed the act, claiming it was unconstitutional.

Reconstruction During the first eight months of his term, Johnson pushed through his own policies for Reconstruction. These included handing out thousands of pardons and allowing the South to set up "black codes," which essentially maintained slavery under another name. When Congress came back into session, Republicans moved to stop the President.

Stopping the President In 1866, Congress passed the Freedmen's Bureau Bill. Congress also passed the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, authorizing the federal government to protect the rights of all citizens. Each of these -- except the Amendment -- was passed over President Johnson's veto.

Impeach the President In a final humiliating gesture, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, which stripped the President of the power to remove federal officials without the Senate's approval. In direct opposition to the act, he fired Secretary of War Stanton. Congress then voted to impeach Johnson by a vote of 126 to 47 in February 1868.

Impeach the President Citing his violation of the Tenure of Office Act and charging that he had brought disgrace and ridicule on Congress, an impeachment trial was held. By a margin of one vote, the Senate voted not to convict Johnson, and he served the duration of the term won by Lincoln.

Johnson’s Legacy Some would say that Andrew Johnson is largely viewed as the worst possible person to have been President at the end of the Civil War. He utterly failed to make a satisfying and just peace in the United States.

What If . . . .? One can only speculate about how different America would have been had Lincoln lived to see the country through the critical period of Reconstruction. In the end, Johnson did more to extend the period of national strife than to heal the wounds of war.