THE ELECTRIC BICYCLE PROJECT INCLUDING AN INVESTIGATION OF HUMAN CYCLING PERFORMANCE S. I. Brand, N. Ertugrul and W.L. Soong University of Adelaide School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Adelaide, Australia

INTRODUCTION BENEFITS OF ELECTRIC BICYCLES BENEFITS OF ELECTRIC BICYCLES –CLEAN –QUIET –EFFICIENT –ECONOMICAL –REDUCED TRAFFIC CONGESTION DETERMINE HUMAN POWER FROM DETERMINE HUMAN POWER FROM –Stationary Tests and Mobile Tests DESIGN AND BUILD CUSTOM HUB DESIGN AND BUILD CUSTOM HUB INVESTIGATE BATTERY OPTIONS INVESTIGATE BATTERY OPTIONS DEVELOP CONTROL SYSTEM DEVELOP CONTROL SYSTEM PROJECT SCOPE

CYCLING POWER DATA ATHLETE TIME TRIALS (A.I.S.) ATHLETE TIME TRIALS (A.I.S.) STATIONARY DYNAMOMETER TESTS STATIONARY DYNAMOMETER TESTS MOBILE CYCLING TESTS MOBILE CYCLING TESTS HOW MUCH POWER? A Horsepower = 746 Watts How much is a Human Power?

BICYCLE DYNAMOMETER

MEASURED PARAMETERS DYNAMOMETER DYNAMOMETER –WHEEL SPEED –PEDALLING TORQUE –OUTPUT CURRENT –OUTPUT VOLTAGE MOBILE DATA LOGGING SYSTEM MOBILE DATA LOGGING SYSTEM –WHEEL SPEED –PEDALLING TORQUE –GEAR RATIO

DATA LOGGING SYSTEMS STATIONARY TESTING STATIONARY TESTING –LABVIEW SOFTWARE –DESKTOP COMPUTER –DAQ CARD MOBILE TESTING MOBILE TESTING –VISUAL DESIGNER SOFTWARE –DATA SAMPLING HARDWARE –LAPTOP COMPUTER

PEAK CYCLIST POWER SUSTAINED CYCLING POWER SUSTAINED CYCLING POWER

MOBILE DATA RESULTS MOTOR POWER

HORSE AND HUMAN POWER COMPARISON BICYCLE POWER REQUIREMENTS 450 WATTS PEAK 450 WATTS PEAK 200 WATTS CONTINUOUS 200 WATTS CONTINUOUS

BATTERY ENERGY DENSITY 160 WATT-HOURS WILL PROVIDE –25 MINUTE POWERED RANGE –50 MINUTE PEDAL ASSIST RANGE

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT WASHING MACHINE MOTOR MACHINING ALUMINIUM WOODEN MOCK-UP FRONT WHEEL

MOTOR EFFICIENCY BRUSHLESS MOTOR - DC MOTOR DYNAMOMETER

CONTROL SYSTEM 3-PHASE BRIDGE INVERTER BOARD

MICROCONTROLLER and PROGRAMMING MICROCHIP PIC16F877 MICROCHIP PIC16F BIT CORE 14 BIT CORE 20MHz 20MHz 33 INPUT/OUTPUT PINS 33 INPUT/OUTPUT PINS 8 ANALOG INPUTS 8 ANALOG INPUTS MICROCHIP RESOURCES MICROCHIP RESOURCES –PIC MICROCONTROLLERS –MPLAB SOFTWARE –PRODUCT DATA SHEETS –APPLICATION NOTES C – COMPILER C – COMPILER CHIP PROGRAMMER CHIP PROGRAMMER

MOTOR WAVEFORMS 100% PWM 40% PWM 100% PWM 40% PWM

CONCLUSIONS and FUTURE WORK DIRECT DRIVE HUB MOTOR DIRECT DRIVE HUB MOTOR –EFFICIENT (84%) AND LOW MAINTENANCE BICYCLE POWER REQUIREMENTS BICYCLE POWER REQUIREMENTS –200 WATT CONTINUOUS, 450 WATT PEAK BATTERY CAPACITY BATTERY CAPACITY –160 WATT-HOUR USER INTERFACE USER INTERFACE –LCD DISPLAY and KEYPAD –INPUT - CUSTOMISED RIDER SETTINGS –OUTPUT - SPEED, DISTANCE AND BATTERY STATE CUSTOM BUILT MOTOR CUSTOM BUILT MOTOR –RARE EARTH MAGNET ROTOR –INCREASE EFFICIENCY –REDUCED WIEGHT