Snapshot The ____ model was designed in _____ and has a solid positive nucleus surrounded by electrons. The _____ model is the current model of the atom. ____ model says the electrons were in fixed orbitals. Protons & neutrons are made of smaller parts called _______. PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

PS.4 Investigating Bonding & the Periodic Table PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

Periodic Table Table showing known elements (~115) Arranged several ways: Atomic number (1-118) Groups/ Families (1-18) Vertical columns Periods (1-7) Horizontal rows Properties Bonding Metallic or nonmetallic Designed by Dmitri Mendeleev in late 1800’s Organized elements by similar properties. Left room for unknown elements. Table was updated by Henry Moseley in 1913 to organize by atomic number PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

Mendeleev’s 1st Periodic Table PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

Groups/ Families = columns Elements in same group: Have same # of valence electrons e- in outer shell = valence e- Group number = # of valence e- Ex. Nitrogen is in group 5A or 15 (for 13 -18 use 2nd digit) It has 5 e- in its outer energy level PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

Ex. Na is in period 3 so it has 3 energy levels in its electron cloud The period number tells you the number of energy levels (orbital/shells) in the e- cloud Ex. Na is in period 3 so it has 3 energy levels in its electron cloud Periods = rows PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

Group 1A are the alkali metals (but NOT H) Group 2A are the alkaline earth metals PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

These are called the Inner Transition Elements, and they belong here Groups 3-12 are called the Transition Elements These are called the Inner Transition Elements, and they belong here PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

Group 8A are the Noble Gases Group 7A are the Halogens PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

As move from left to right elements b/c more nonmetallic Metalloids Nonmetals Metals PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

Info Found in Periodic Table Atomic Number Symbol (1-3 letter abbreviation) Name Atomic Mass State of Matter at Room Temp. protons Atomic number always equals the number of ____________ and may equal ________________ in a neutral atom. electrons protons neutrons Atomic mass equals the number of ______________ + _____________. Number of neutrons = atomic mass – atomic number PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

Snapshot Calcium Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Mass # of protons #of electrons # of neutrons Group # Period # State of Matter at Room Temperature PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

Snapshot The vertical columns in the periodic table are called _____. The horizontal rows are called _____. From left to right the atomic _____ increases. The group number tells you the number of _____. Which elements are liquids at room temperature? Provide the name of elements 57-71 PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

Metals, Metalloids, & Nonmetals Property Metals Metalloids Nonmetals Luster Shiny Not Shiny Hardness Hard Malleable/ Ductile Yes No Conductor (Heat & Electricity) Semi Phase @ room temp Solid (1 liquid) High density Solid Varies Low density Reactivity Most reactive elements Least reactive PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

Properties of Metals Metals have luster. This means they are shiny 16

Properties of Nonmetals Nonmetals do not have luster; they are dull. 17

Properties of Metals Ductile metals can be drawn into wire. 18

Properties of Metals Malleable metals can be hammered into sheets 19

Properties of Nonmetals Brittle Nonmetals are brittle so they break easily. This means nonmetals ARE NOT ductile or malleable. 20

Properties of Metals Metals have a high melting point. They are also very dense. 21

Properties of Metals A chemical property of metal is its reaction with water and oxygen. This results in corrosion and rust. 22

What are these elements? 23

What are these elements? 24

What are these elements? 25

Isotopes An element that has a different number of neutrons (higher or lower than periodic table) B/c mass number equals # of n0 + # of p+, the mass number will now be different Most elements have isotopes Isotope notation looks like this: 1-Hydrogen-3 H H 3 1 1 3 PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

Ions An ion is a positively or negatively charged atom {cations (+) & anions(-)} Gaining or losing electrons makes an atom an ion Positive ions have lost an electron Negative ions have gained an election Looks like this Ca2+ or Ca2-

Helium Ions— p+, n0, e- # of protons # of electrons Charge Notation

Your turn! p+, n0, e- # of protons # of electrons Charge Notation

Chemical Bonding Atoms bond to become more stable They desire 8 valence e- Atoms bond together by gaining, losing, or sharing valence electrons The number of valence electrons determines how an atom will bond Two or more elements bonded = a compound 2 elements = binary compound 3 elements = trinary compound PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

Ionic Bonds Ionic bonds occur when atoms gain or lose electrons Form when a metal and nonmetal react the metal will give up its valence electrons the nonmetal will take the valence electrons

How many valence electrons does each atom have before they bond? How many valence electrons does each atom have after they bond? Both now have full shells and are stable

Covalent Bonds Occur when atoms share e- Formed with a Nonmetal and a Nonmetal e- are shared They have full outer shells Both are stable PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

Polyatomic Ions Poly = many Covalently bonded atoms Have a charge Considered to be ionic and covalent Often bond with metals Ex. OH- or ClO3-1 Ex. With Metal sodium make: NaOH & NaClO3 PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

Parts of a Chemical Formula 2 Main Parts Symbols letters representing elements First letter always capitalized Ex. C6 Subscripts Numbers found behind symbols Sub= below Script= writing Tell number of atoms of each element PS.4 The student will understand & investigate the organization and use of the periodic table of elements to obtain information.

Subscripts N H How many atoms of each element are in the formula: NH3 1 Nitrogen 3 Hydrogen

Subscripts How many atoms of each element are in the formula: C3H8 C H

Putting it Together Use the chemical formulas and periodic table to determine if the atoms in each formula formed an ionic or covalent bond Remember: Metal + Nonmetal = Ionic Nonmetal + Nonmetal = Covalent Metal + Nonmetal + Nonmetal = Both