Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Section 2: Mendelian Genetics Section 3: Gene Linkage and Polyploidy

Mendel performed cross-pollination in pea plants. Section 2 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Mendelian Genetics How Genetics Began The passing of traits to the next generation is called inheritance, or heredity. Mendel performed cross-pollination in pea plants. Mendel followed various traits in the pea plants he bred.

The parent generation is also known as the P generation. Section 2 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Mendelian Genetics The parent generation is also known as the P generation.

The second filial (F2) generation is the offspring from the F1 cross. Section 2 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Mendelian Genetics The offspring of this P cross are called the first filial (F1) generation. The second filial (F2) generation is the offspring from the F1 cross.

Mendel studied seven different traits. Section 2 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Mendelian Genetics Mendel studied seven different traits. Seed or pea color Flower color Seed pod color Seed shape or texture Seed pod shape Stem length Flower position

Section 2 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Mendelian Genetics Genes in Pairs Allele An alternative form of a single gene passed from generation to generation Dominant Recessive

Section 2 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Mendelian Genetics Dominance An organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait is homozygous. An organism with two different alleles for a particular trait is heterozygous.

Genotype and Phenotype Section 2 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Mendelian Genetics Genotype and Phenotype An organism’s allele pairs are called its genotype. The observable characteristic or outward expression of an allele pair is called the phenotype.

Mendel’s Law of Segregation Section 2 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Mendelian Genetics Mendel’s Law of Segregation Two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis. During fertilization, two alleles for that trait unite. Heterozygous organisms are called hybrids.

Section 2 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Mendelian Genetics Monohybrid Cross A cross that involves hybrids for a single trait is called a monohybrid cross.

Dihybrids are heterozygous for both traits. Section 2 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Mendelian Genetics Dihybrid Cross The simultaneous inheritance of two or more traits in the same plant is a dihybrid cross. Dihybrids are heterozygous for both traits.

Law of Independent Assortment Section 2 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Mendelian Genetics Law of Independent Assortment Random distribution of alleles occurs during gamete formation Genes on separate chromosomes sort independently during meiosis. Each allele combination is equally likely to occur.

Predict the possible offspring of a cross between two known genotypes Section 2 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Mendelian Genetics Punnett Squares Predict the possible offspring of a cross between two known genotypes Punnett Squares

Punnett Square—Dihybrid Cross Section 2 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Mendelian Genetics Punnett Square—Dihybrid Cross Four types of alleles from the male gametes and four types of alleles from the female gametes can be produced. The resulting phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1.

Genetic Recombination Section 3 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Gene Linkage and Polyploidy Genetic Recombination The new combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment Combinations of genes due to independent assortment can be calculated using the formula 2n, where n is the number of chromosome pairs.

Gene Linkage and Polyploidy Section 3 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Gene Linkage and Polyploidy Gene Linkage The linkage of genes on a chromosome results in an exception to Mendel’s law of independent assortment because linked genes usually do not segregate independently.

Section 3 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Gene Linkage and Polyploidy Polyploidy Polyploidy is the occurrence of one or more extra sets of all chromosomes in an organism. A triploid organism, for instance, would be designated 3n, which means that it has three complete sets of chromosomes.

Which symbol is used to represent the Chapter Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which symbol is used to represent the number of chromosomes in a gamete? # x r n A B C D CDQ 1

Name the person known as the father of genetics. Chapter Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter Diagnostic Questions Name the person known as the father of genetics. Felix Mendelssohn Gregor Mendel Dr. Reginald Punnett Albert Einstein A B C D CDQ 2

Which term refers to the outward expression of an allele pair? Chapter Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which term refers to the outward expression of an allele pair? gamete hybrid phenotype genotype A B C D CDQ 3

What is the name for different forms of a Chapter Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Section 2 Formative Questions What is the name for different forms of a single gene that are passed from generation to generation? alleles genotypes phenotypes traits A B C D FQ 5

Which pair of alleles is heterozygous? Chapter Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Section 2 Formative Questions Which pair of alleles is heterozygous? RR Rr rr yR A B C D FQ 6

In rabbits, gray fur (G) is dominant to black Chapter Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Section 2 Formative Questions In rabbits, gray fur (G) is dominant to black fur (g). If a heterozygous male is crossed with a heterozygous female, what is the phenotypic ratio of the possible offspring? 1:1 1:2:1 2:1 3:1 A B C D FQ 7

Two genes on the same chromosome may become separated during meiosis. Chapter Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Section 3 Formative Questions Two genes on the same chromosome may become separated during meiosis. true false A B FQ 9

What is the term for an organism that has one Chapter Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Section 3 Formative Questions What is the term for an organism that has one or more sets of extra chromosomes in its cells? diploid gamete hybrid polyploid A B C D FQ 10

How many chromosomes would a cell have Chapter Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter Assessment Questions How many chromosomes would a cell have during metaphase I of meiosis if it has 12 chromosomes during interphase? 6 12 24 36 A B C D CAQ 1

Which stage of meiosis is illustrated? Chapter Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter Assessment Questions Which stage of meiosis is illustrated? prophase I interphase anaphase I anaphase II A B C D CAQ 2

What is the next step for the chromosomes illustrated? Chapter Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter Assessment Questions What is the next step for the chromosomes illustrated? Chromosomes replicate. Chromosomes move to opposite poles. Chromosomes uncoil and form two nuclei. Chromosomes line up at the equator. A B C D CAQ 3

What is this process called? Chapter Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Standardized Test Practice What is this process called? fertilization gamete formation inheritance reproduction A B C D STP 1

Standardized Test Practice Chapter Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Standardized Test Practice Before meiosis I, the sister chromatids of this chromosome were identical. What process caused a change in a section of one chromatid? DNA replication crossing over synapsis telophase A B C D STP 2

At what stage is the chromosome number reduced from 2n to n? Chapter Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Standardized Test Practice At what stage is the chromosome number reduced from 2n to n? prophase I metaphase I anaphase I meiosis II A B C D STP 3

To which step in this process does the law of segregation apply? Chapter Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Standardized Test Practice To which step in this process does the law of segregation apply? grows into plant gamete formation fertilization seed development A B C D STP 4

1/4 1/2 1 For human eye color, brown is dominant and Chapter Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Standardized Test Practice For human eye color, brown is dominant and blue is recessive. If a husband is heterozygous and his wife has blue eyes, what is the probability that their child will have blue eyes? 1/4 1/2 1 A B C D STP 5

Section 2 Vocabulary genetics allele dominant recessive homozygous Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Vocabulary Section 2 genetics allele dominant recessive homozygous heterozygous genotype phenotype law of segregation hybrid law of independent assortment

Section 3 Vocabulary genetic recombination polyploidy Section 3 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Vocabulary Section 3 genetic recombination polyploidy