Kelp Forest Food Web Activity Objectives: To learn about interesting kelp forest organisms To learn how to look for specific information in paragraphs To categorize organisms according to trophic level To create and interpret a food web To determine how various events and disturbances impact the food web Materials: Kelp Forest Critter Cards (4 single-sided pages) Scissors Glue or tape Colored pencils or pens Large piece of paper Highlighter Organisms: Procedure: Read the information on each species and highlight what it eats. Write on the card which organisms in the food web it eats. Using the information provided, write each organism’s ecological role on the line below its name on the card: producers, primary consumers (herbivores), secondary/tertiary consumers (carnivores), decomposers. Note that some organisms may fill two roles. The Sun’s ecological role is “ultimate energy source” Carefully cut out the cards (left side of table). Move the cards around to create a food web for the following organisms. The decomposers eat all organisms, so they should be off to one side under the heading “Decomposers.” Add the card for the Sun in the appropriate place. Glue or tape down the cards. Draw arrows to show the flow of energy from each organism to the organism(s) that eat it (pointing toward the consumer – example: grass → deer). Answer the questions on the next page. Bald Eagle Bat Star California Sheephead Decorator Crab Giant Kelp Phytoplankton Purple Sea Urchin Red Abalone Sea Cucumber Sea Otter Spiny Brittle Star Sunflower Star White Shark Zooplankton

Kelp Forest Food Web Activity Name: ___________________ Period: ___________________ Kelp Forest Food Web Activity Questions: As sea otters recover and become more numerous throughout California, what do you predict is happening to the number of sea urchins? Amount of giant kelp? If a huge storm wipes out all the kelp, what happens to the other organisms in the community? La Nina events bring particularly cold water with lots of nutrients, causing kelp and phytoplankton to grow very well. For organisms that will increase in number or biomass, outline the card in blue. For organisms that will decrease in number or biomass, outline the card in red. In Alaska, orcas (killer whales) have begun eating lots of otters because their normal prey (seals, sea lions, whales) are less numerous. What do you expect is happening to the otter population? Sea urchin population? Kelp population? In addition to energy, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and chemicals are passed from one organism to another. From 1947 to 1983, a chemical plant dumped 1,700 tons of DDT (an insecticide) off the coast of Southern California. Because it dissolves in the fat of animals, DDT builds up in the body of animals even if they do not die. DDT is taken up by kelp and phytoplankton and accumulates in the bodies of the organisms that eat the kelp and phytoplankton. Which species on this food web will have the highest amount of DDT in their bodies?

Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald eagles are not actually bald, but have white heads and brown bodies. They scavenge many meals by harassing other birds or by eating dead animals or garbage. They eat mainly fish, but also hunt mammals (including sea otter pups), gulls, and waterfowl. The bald eagle has been the national emblem and bird of the United States since 1782. They usually live near the ocean or large bodies of freshwater with lots of fish. They have recovered from being endangered in the early 20th century by hunting and pesticides. http://www.clker.com/clipart-26439.html Bald Eagle ____________________ Bat Star Patiria miniata [size: to 8 in. (20 cm)] Bat stars come in a wide variety of solid and mottled colors, including red, orange, yellow, brown, green and purple. They have webbing between their 5 (or sometimes more) short, triangular arms, which gives them a batlike look. They eat algae (like kelp) and small animals (like tubeworms), but mostly scavenge dead animals on the bottom. Like all sea stars, a bat star’s stomach can come out of its mouth and cover its food to eat. MBA - Kelp Forest Critter Cards Bat Star ____________________ California Sheephead Semicossyphus pulcher [size: to 3 ft (91 cm)] Sheephead swim above rocky areas and are eaten by bald eagles, sea lions, harbor seals, and humans. They are all born female, but turn into males when they grow to about 12 inches (7 or 8 years old). They also change color from red to red and black with white chins. Sheephead eat snails, crabs, urchins, and other invertebrates. They are now rare because they are often targeted by spear fishermen. They can live up to 50 years. MBA – KelpForest Critter Cards California Sheephead ____________________ Decorator Crab Loxorhynchus crispatus [size: to 3.5 in. (8.8 cm)] A decorator crab camouflages its shell with algae, sponges, and other things that grow on local rocks. When the crab sheds its outer skeleton to grow larger, it has to redecorate. Decorator crabs eat sea urchins, small crustaceans, and sponges. Decorator crabs are an important food source for some fishes, including croakers and cabezon. MBA – Kelp Forest Critter Cards Decorator Crab ____________________

Giant Kelp Macrocystic pyrifera [size: to 175 ft tall (53 m)] Like trees of the sea, giant kelp (a type of marine algae) conducts photosynthesis and creates its own ecosystem that hosts many fishes, invertebrates, and other organisms. Held upright by gas-filled bladders, kelp fronds grow 10-12 inches per day straight up to the surface, where they form a dense canopy. Its stems are tough but flexible, allowing the kelp to sway. Like a plant’s root system, the holdfast anchors the kelp to a rock. Kelp is harvested for use in foods such as ice cream and toothpaste. http://www.arthursclipart.org Giant Kelp _________________ Phytoplankton [size: 2×10−6- 2×10−4 m] Phytoplankton are photosynthesizing microscopic organisms that inhabit the upper sunlit layer of almost all oceans and bodies of fresh water. Although too small to be individually seen without a microscope, when present in high enough numbers, they may appear as a green discoloration of the water due to the presence of chlorophyll within their cells. Phytoplankton account for half of all photosynthetic activity on Earth and much of the oxygen present in the Earth's atmosphere. They are limited by nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorous. Phytoplankton ____________________ Purple Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus [size: to 4 in. (10 cm)] A sea urchin looks like a pin cushion because it has a round inner shell, called a “test,” covered with spines, pincers, and tube feet. The spines spear kelp and protect an urchin from predators. An urchin uses its many tube feet to move, hold onto rocks, and move food to its mouth. During a population surge, sea urchins—which normally eat pieces of kelp that fall to the seafloor—will feed on the stipes of giant kelp plants and can completely destroy a kelp bed. MBA – Kelp Forest Critter Cards Purple Sea Urchin ____________________ Red Abalone Haliotis rufescens [size: to 11.8 in. (30 cm)] Red abalone, a type of snail, live in crevices, rarely moving far from a chosen spot on the rock. The holes in the shell are outlets for water circulation. When their tentacles sense a large pieces of drifting kelp, the abalone rears toward it, then grabs the seaweed with its big foot. Due to overfishing and disease, today abalone face extinction (the white abalone is officially endangered), so commercial fishing is not allowed and there are very strict rules for sport fishing. MBA – Kelp Forest Critter Cards Red Abalone ____________________

Sun Sea Cucumber Parastichopus californicus Sea Cucumber [size: to 16 in. (40 cm)] Relatives of the sea stars and urchins, sea cucumbers have soft bodies and look like a big worm. They swallow sand and mud and filter out food particles from dead organisms. They move very slowly and are eaten by humans in some Asian cultures. When a predator attacks a sea cucumber, it can shed its sticky internal organs, which entangle and distract the predator while the sea cucumber escapes. The shed organs soon grow back. MBA – Kelp Forest Critter Cards Sea Cucumber ____________________ Sea Otter Enhydra lutris [size: to 5.5 ft (1.7 m)] Hunters nearly drove sea otters extinct in the 1700s and 1800s, but they’ve recovered to nearly 2000 in California waters today. For warmth, the sea otter relies on its thick fur coat and burns calories at nearly three times the rate you do! An otter fuels its fast metabolism by eating up to a quarter of its weight in food every day. The otter dives for food and then eats it lying on its back at the surface. It consumes many small animals like abalone, snails, sea urchins, and crabs. MBA – Kelp Forest Critter Cards Sea Otter ____________________ Spiny Brittle Star Ophiothrix spiculata [size: to 5.7 in. (14.4 cm)] Brittle stars hide among rocks and in the rootlike kelp holdfasts, anchored into cracks by their long spines. Their delicate arms break easily, but also grow back quickly. They catch suspended food particles and plankton by waving their arms through the water. Small tube feet on each arm transfer the food to the mouth. They also scavenge detritus and dead things from the bottom. A single holdfast may house hundreds of brittle stars! MBA – Kelp Forest Critter Cards Spiny Brittle Star ____________________ Sun The sun is the star at the center of Earth’s solar system. It is located 149.6 million kilometers from Earth (8 min 19 s at light speed). By fueling photosynthesis of plants, algae, and phytoplankton, the sun is the ultimate source of energy on Earth. Sun _____________________

Sunflower Star Pycnopodia helianthoides [size: to 39 in. (1 m)] An array of 24 arms distinguishes this magnificent sunflower star from other sea stars. Soft skin in colors ranging from purple to brown, orange or yellow adds to its beauty. This sea star is a voracious predator - feeding on sea urchins, mussels, crabs, sea cucumbers, snails, brittle stars, and more. When on the prowl for food using their strong sense of smell and very sensitive indicators of light and dark, the sunflower star can move at the remarkable speed of over 40 inches (1 m) per minute. michiganscienceart.com Sunflower Star ____________________ White Shark Carchardodon carcharias [size: to 30 ft (9.1 m)] At any one time, a white shark has more than 3,000 razor-sharp teeth arranged in rows. It uses the first two rows to grab food and rotates the other rows in as teeth are lost. White sharks eat fishes, sea birds and mammals (such as sea otters), turtles and invertebrates. Like all sharks, the white shark has no bones; its skeleton is made of cartilage, the same tissue that gives shape to our ears and nose. Their torpedo-shaped bodies and symmetrical tails are adaptations for efficient swimming. MBA – Sharks & Rays Critter Cards White Shark ____________________ Zooplankton [size: > 2×10−7  m] Zooplankton are non-photosynthesizing organisms drifting in oceans, seas, and bodies of fresh water.  Individual zooplankton are usually too small to be seen with the naked eye, but some species are very big such as jellyfish and squid. Ecologically important zooplankton include foraminiferans, radiolarians, copepods, krill (all on card), and many juvenile fishes and invertebrates. Like phytoplankton, zooplankton are distributed in patches restricted by temperature and salinity gradients. Most zooplankton eat smaller phytoplankton. Various Zooplankton ____________________

Kelp Forest Food Web Activity KEY Questions: As sea otters recover and become more numerous throughout California, what do you predict is happening to the number of sea urchins? Amount of giant kelp? Sea otters increase → sea urchins decrease → kelp increase If a huge storm wipes out all the kelp, what happens to the other organisms in the community? No kelp → no community until it starts to recover through ecological succession Phytoplankton, zooplankton, brittle stars, sunflower stars may survive La Nina events bring particularly cold water with lots of nutrients, causing kelp and phytoplankton to grow very well. For organisms that will increase in number or biomass, outline the card in blue. For organisms that will decrease in number or biomass, outline the card in red. All are blue!! Since kelp and phytoplankton are bottom of food web, if they increase, everything increases! In Alaska, orcas (killer whales) have begun eating lots of otters because their normal prey (seals, sea lions, whales) are less numerous. What do you expect is happening to the otter population? Sea urchin population? Kelp population? Otters decrease → urchins increase → kelp decrease In addition to energy, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and chemicals are passed from one organism to another. From 1947 to 1983, a chemical plant dumped 1,700 tons of DDT (an insecticide) off the coast of Southern California. Because it dissolves in the fat of animals, DDT builds up in the body of animals even if they do not die. DDT is taken up by kelp and phytoplankton and accumulates in the bodies of the organisms that eat the kelp and phytoplankton. Which species on this food web will have the highest amount of DDT in their bodies? Top predators – bald eagle, white shark, sheephead, otter

Kelp Forest Food Web Activity KEY Kelp Forest Food Web Activity Decomposers Spiny Brittle Star Sea Cucumber Bald Eagle White Shark Bat Star California Sheephead Sea Otter Sunflower Star Decorator Crab Spiny Brittle Star Purple Sea Urchin Red Abalone Zooplankton Giant Kelp Phytoplankton Sun

Kelp Forest Food Web Activity KEY Kelp Forest Food Web Activity Organism Trophic Level Bald Eagle Bat Star California Sheephead Decorator Crab Giant Kelp Phytoplankton Purple Sea Urchin Red Abalone Sea Cucumber Sea Otter Spiny Brittle Star Sun Sunflower Star White Shark Zooplankton Tertiary consumer Detritivore/Decomposer Secondary/tertiary consumer Secondary consumer Producer Primary consumer Secondary consumer, detritivore/decomposer

Kelp Forest Energy Pyramid Objectives: To create an energy pyramid with trophic levels To show transfer of energy from the sun and to heat To show the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels Materials: Completed kelp forest food web activity results (or cards showing trophic level) Grid Colored pencils of pens Glue or tape Procedure: Label x-axis as “Units of Energy in Each Trophic Level. Label y-axis as “Trophic Level” Label the bottom trophic level, which covers 100 squares, symbolizing 100 units of energy.. Sketch with appropriate size 3 higher trophic levels, assuming 10% energy transfer efficiency. Color and label each trophic level as below. Trophic Level Color Producers green Primary consumers (herbivores) blue Secondary consumers (carnivores) orange Tertiary consumers (apex predators) red Tape next to the appropriate trophic level each of the cards below. Use colored arrows to show how the physical environment (sun and heat) interact with the energy pyramid.

Kelp Forest Energy Pyramid

Kelp Forest Energy Pyramid KEY Kelp Forest Energy Pyramid Trophic Level Tertiary Consumers Secondary Consumers Primary Consumers Producers Units of Energy in Each Trophic Level