Class V: Prepositions Dr. Esa Autero LAN 404 Beginning Hebrew I *Photo from https://www.flickr.com/photos/58558794@N07/7628799526/in/photostream/ Class V: Prepositions Dr. Esa Autero

Prepositions 1.1 Introduction Prepositions in English Used to describe relationship between words The book is on the table; I am going to school etc. The word following the preposition is called the object of the preposition Prepositions in Hebrew Function in a same way as English prepositions Three types of Hebrew prepositions: 1) Independent prepositions (majority) 2) Maqqef prepositions 3) Inseparable prepositions *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/

Prepositions 2.1 Forms types, and functions of Hebrew prepositions 1) Independent prepositions Most prepositions stand alone  independent prepositions (like in English) לִפְנֵי הַמֶּ֫לֶךְ  before the king תַּחַת הָעֵץ  under the tree אַחַר הַמַּבּוּל  after the flood בֵּין הַמַּ֫יִם  between the waters *

Prepositions עַל־הָאֶ֫בֶן אֶל־הַהֶכָל עַד־הַנָּהָר מִן־הָאָ֫רֶץ 2) Maqqef prepositions Almost always connected to their objects via Maqqef line (raised line) Most common prepositions in this category: עַל־ - on, upon, concerning אֶל־ - to, toward עַד־ - until, as far as מִן־ - from * עַל־הָאֶ֫בֶן upon the stone אֶל־הַהֶכָל to the temple עַד־הַנָּהָר as far as the river מִן־הָאָ֫רֶץ from the land

Prepositions בְּ לְ כְּ בְּשָׂדֶה לְנַ֫עַר כְּמֶ֫לֶךְ 3) Inseparable prepositions Prefixed to the their objects – never occur independently  Inseparable prepositions a) Before most consonants, the inseparable preposition w/ vocal Shewa בְּ in, by, with (15,559x)* לְ to, for (20.321x) כְּ like, as, according to (30,53x) *Number of occurrences in HB. Bible. Stats from Pratico and Van Pelt 2001: 51 בְּשָׂדֶה In a field לְנַ֫עַר For a young man כְּמֶ֫לֶךְ Like a king

Prepositions כַּאֲנַשִׁים בֶּאֱמֶת לָהֳלִי לִנְבִיאִים לִבְרִית b) Before a reduced or Hateph vowel Corresponding short vowel of the Hateph vowel (cf. conjunction וְ rule) c) Before consonants with Vocal Shewa  Hireq* כַּאֲנַשִׁים Like men בֶּאֱמֶת In truth לָהֳלִי For sickness *Cotigious Vocal Shewas cannot stand at the beginning of a word  the rule of Shewa applies (2001: 51). לִנְבִיאִים For prophets לִבְרִית For a covenant

Prepositions שָׂדֶה הַשָּׂדֶה בַּשָּׂדֶה אֶשׁ הָאֶשׁ בָּאֶשׁ נַ֫עַר d) In nouns with the definite article Vowel and Dagesh Forte retained but the -ה disappears שָׂדֶה A field הַשָּׂדֶה בַּשָּׂדֶה The field In the field אֶשׁ A fire הָאֶשׁ בָּאֶשׁ The fire In the fire נַ֫עַר A boy הַנַּ֫עַר לַנַּ֫עַר The boy For the boy מֶ֫לֶךְ A king הַמֶּלֶךְ כַּמֶּלֶךְ The king Like the king *

Prepositions The form of the prepositionמִן מִן Occurs as Maqqef or as inseparable preposition As Maqqef preposition מִן־הַבַּיִת  from the house מִן־הַמַּלְכָּה  from the queen As inseparable preposition Generally נ assimilates into the first consonant & Daghesh Forte is added מִן־מֶ֫לֶךְ from a king  מִמֶּ֫לֶךְ from a king *

Prepositions מֵאִישׁ  from a man מֵעִיר  from a city In separable form of מִן and begadkephat consonants a) Inseparable מִן+ begadkephat consonant  Dagesh Lene becomes Forte בַּ֫יִת a house  מִבּ֫יִת from a house  Daghesh Forte represents the assimilated נ of the preposition b) Inseparable מִן+ guttural  Daghesh Forte rejected, hireq lengthens to tsere מֵאִישׁ  from a man מֵעִיר  from a city c) Inseparable מִן+ a word w/ ח  Daghesh Forte rejected  virtual doubling מִחוּץ  from outside מֵחֶ֫רֶב  from a sword When מִן is prefixed to a word with definite article ה is retained מֵהָאָ֫רֶץ  from the land * When מִן is prefixed to a word with definite article ה is retained מֵהָאָ֫רֶץ  from the land

טוֹבָה חָכְמָה מִזָּהַב קָשָׁה הָעֲבוֹדָה מֵהָאֲנָשִׁים Prepositions The use of the prepositionמִן Special uses of מִן (occurs 7,592x in HB.*) a) Comparative use מִן is often used to indicate comparative or “better than” idea Comparative idea also communicates the idea of “too…for” טוֹבָה חָכְמָה מִזָּהַב Literally: Wisdom is good from gold Meaning: Wisdom is better than gold *Pratico and van Pelt 2001: 53. קָשָׁה הָעֲבוֹדָה מֵהָאֲנָשִׁים Literally: The work is difficult from the men Meaning: The work is too difficult for the men

עָרוּם מִכֹּל הַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶ Prepositions b) Superlative use מִן can be used with כֹּל(all, each, every) to form superlative c) Partitive use מִן expresses part or portion of something עָרוּם מִכֹּל הַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶ Literally: clever from every living thing of the field Superlative: the most clever living thing of the field * מִפְּרִי Literally: from a fruit Partitively: some (of the) fruit מֵהָאֲנָשִׁים Literally: from the men Partitively: some (of the) men

Prepositions כָּתַב אֶת־הַדְּבָרִים בַּסֵּ֫פֶר The definitive object marker Direct object – word that receives the action of the verb God created the earth – what is the direct object of the sentence?  Earth is the direct object (also definite since it has “the”) In Hebrew the definite direct object marker is אֵת/אֶת־ אֵת/אֶת־ is also a preposition “with”  Context will tell you which one כָּתַב אֶת־הַדְּבָרִים בַּסֵּ֫פֶר He wrote the words in the book *

Prepositions בָּרָה אֱלֹהִים אֶת הַשָּׁמַ֫יִם More examples בָּרָה אֱלֹהִים אֶת הַשָּׁמַ֫יִם God created the heavens נָתַן הַנָּבִיא אֶת־הַסֵּ֫פֶר לַמֶ֫לֶךְ The prophet gave the book to the king בָּנָה הַמֶּ֫לֶךְ אֶת־הַהֵיכָל הַגָּדוֹל The king built the great temple *

Prepositions שָׁמַר הַמֶּ֫לֶךְ אֶת־המִּצְוָה וְאֶת־הַתּוֹרָה The king observed the commandment and the law אָהַב דָּוִד אֶת־יְהוֹנָתָן David loved Jonathan נָתָן הַמֶּ֫לֶךְ אֶת־תּוֹרוֹתָיו לָעָם The king gave his laws to the people *

Prepositions בָּנָה הַמֶּלֶךְ הֵיכָל גָּדוֹל If the direct object marker is not definite, definite object marker not used בָּנָה הַמֶּלֶךְ הֵיכָל גָּדוֹל The king built a great temple בָּנַה הַנַּ֫עַר בַּ֫יִת קָתֹן בָּעִיר The young man built a small house in the city *

Prepositions Practice Homework Workbook, p 25-26 Inseparable prepositions, no: 1-7 Prepositions, no: 1-8 Homework Workbook “Bible Translation” p. 27-28, no: 1-10 Practice letters and reading (out loud) – e.g. words on vocabulary & workbook EXAM I – Next week (Tue 9/29/2015) Chapters 1-6 Basic grammar: Nouns (words in sg./pl., masc./fem.) Recognition of definite article, conjunction waw & prepositions Vocabulary Translation sentences similar to what is found in the workbook *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/