AP PSYCHOLOGY Unit III Trivia Review: Developmental Psychology

Round 1: Prenatal Development

Round 1: Question 1 QUESTION: Upon birth, infants are capable of numerous instinctual reflexes. List four of the five major infant reflexes. ANSWER: Rooting, Sucking, Grasping, Stepping and Startle (also known as the Moro Reflex)

Round 1: Question 2 QUESTION: During this stage of prenatal development, the zygote travels through the fallopian tube and implants in the uterine wall. ANSWER: The Germinal Stage (less than 50% of zygotes survive this stage)

Round 1: Question 3 QUESTION: This is the developmental trend in which infants are able to control their heads before their trunks and their trunks before their legs. ANSWER: Cephalocaudal development (top-down development)

Round 1: Question 4 QUESTION: Explain the concept of habituation as it applies to infants. ANSWER: As infants are repeatedly exposed to a visual stimuli, they become less interested and begin to look away sooner (provides evidence of learning in infancy)

Round 1: Question 5 QUESTION: This is one’s inborn emotional reactivity. ANSWER: Temperament (Alexander Thomas & Stella Chess: Easy, Difficult, Slow-to-Warm-Up; Jerome Kagan: Shy)

Round 2: Childhood Development

Round 2: Question 1 QUESTION: According to Jean Piaget, during which stage of cognitive development do children generally form object permanence? ANSWER: Sensorimotor Stage (also includes stranger anxiety and separation anxiety)

Round 2: Question 2 QUESTION: Baby Boris is extremely upset by his mother’s departure & is not easily soothed by her return. According to Mary Ainsworth’s Stranger Situation, Baby Boris’ behavior is characteristic of this type of attachment. ANSWER: Ambivalent Attachment (clingy babies)

Round 2: Question 3 QUESTION: List at least four features of preoperational thought, as defined by Piaget. ANSWER: Animism, pretend play, egocentrism, irreversibility, centration, theory of mind and lack of conservation (includes mass, number, length and volume)

Round 2: Question 4 QUESTION: In his sociocultural theory of learning, Lev Vygotsky discussed the difference between what a child can do on his own, as opposed to what he can do with help. In psychology, this is known as… ANSWER: The Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky also associated with scaffolding)

Round 2: Question 5 QUESTION: Give one example of holographic speech, as seen in young children. ANSWER: “Milk!” “Ball!” “Car!” “Baby!” “Cat!” (Telegraphic speech combines several words to form simple sentences…”Where milk?” “Baby eat!”)

Round 3: Childhood Development (Part II)

Round 3: Question 1 QUESTION: Parents who exert control while also maintaining responsiveness are known as ______ parents. ANSWER: Authoritative Parents (children of this parenting style are generally most successful; Diana Baumrind)

Round 3: Question 2 QUESTION: According to Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, children must learn to direct their own behavior, so as to learn independence. This “crisis” is found in which of Erikson’s stages? ANSWER: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler, ages 1-3)

Round 3: Question 3 QUESTION: Children that are characterized by avoidant attachment generally become adults characterized by _______. ANSWER: Dismissive Attachment (sometimes noted as Dismissive-Avoidant)

Round 3: Question 4 QUESTION: As opposed to animals that imprint, humans form attachment through this process. ANSWER: Contact comfort (Harry Harlow; impact on monkeys later in life?)

Round 3: Question 5 QUESTION: This is the process by which one explains a new experience through an existing schema. ANSWER: Assimilation (Piaget)

Round 4: Adolescent Development

Round 4: Question 1 QUESTION: According to psychologists, there are three key processes by which humans learn gender roles. List two. ANSWER: Operant Conditioning (via rewards & punishment); Observational Learning; Self-Socialization

Round 4: Question 2 QUESTION: According to psychologists, most adolescents display this particular thought pattern; characterized by feelings of uniqueness and invulnerability. ANSWER: Personal Fable (form of egocentrism)

Round 4: Question 3 QUESTION: During what period do one’s secondary sex characteristics begin to develop? ANSWER: Pubescence (the two years preceding puberty)

Round 4: Question 4 QUESTION: Although Aladdin is fully aware that stealing is against the law, he feels bad for the starving children on the side of the street. In this case he feels that his stealing is entirely justified. According to Kohlberg, what stage of moral development is Aladdin in? ANSWER: Postconvential Morality

Round 4: Question 5 QUESTION: Carole Gilligan, Kohlberg’s biggest critic stated that men & women have differing perspectives on morality. According to Gilligan in what situations do men and women judge actions to be moral? ANSWER: Men (fair and just end ); Women (nonviolent with the least amount of harm)