1. PRESCHOOL/ ELEMENTARY CHILD DEVELOPMENT DAVID SAFF, LANIER HICKS, BLISS WILSON, CASSIDY CRAIG, EMMA SANZ

3. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Developmental Psychology- The study of our physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes throughout our whole lives Maturation- biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

4. DEFINING THE BARRIERS- PRESCHOOL Preschool Age: 2-6 Also known as preoperational stage Children are "too young to perform mental operations" They can use words and images to convey thought, but are not sure how or why they can. Hard time visualizing changes in shape (Play-Doh) Conservation Pretend play and egocentrism

5. MILK EXAMPLE: CONSERVATION Example on page 421 Same amount of milk in both glasses Looks like more milk in tall, short glass rather than short, wide glass Hard for children to understand concept of volume and conservation

6. EGOCENTRISM Cannot picture things from other people's perspectives "If I can't see you, you can't see me" Collective monologues- children appearing to be talking to each other but in reality, are having two completely different conversations –AKA " egocentric speech" –Words do not have meaning because of child's inability to collaborate with others Don't take other people's viewpoints E example- draw a capital E on your forehead

7. "E" EXAMPLE Preschoolers are less likely to draw it from the perspective of someone looking at them –This is because of their egocentrism Once people grow up, they grow out of their egocentrism –Older children are more likely to draw it from the perspective of someone looking at them

8. THEORY OF MIND Children at this stage start to recognize people as living creatures with their own sets of experiences, thought processes, and knowledge –People have minds like theirs

9. INITIATIVE VS. GUILT Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent They do simple tasks –Makes them feel independent

10. PIAGET Developmental psychologist from Switzerland PhD in Zoology Started studying Freudian psychodynamics Was in Paris making questions for childhood intelligence test –Found that children of the same age had similar wrong answers –Adults and older kids didn't make the mistakes –"Humans go through different stages of cognitive development and intellectual progression" Studied the preoperational stage Came up with the idea of collective monologues

11. LEV VYGOTSKY Russian developmental psychologist By age 7, children use words to work out solutions to problems –Children in the preoperational stage don't use words to solve problems

12. SOCIAL INTERACTION Interacting with other children is necessary in development Lev Vygotsky- studied how a child's mind feeds off social interaction

13. HOMESCHOOL ISSUES Homeschooling children can be detrimental to their development because they lack social interaction "Prettiest girl in the trailer park."

14. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=SWvBAQf7v8g

15. DEFINING THE BARRIERS- ELEMENTARY Elementary Age: 6-puberty (12-ish) Industry vs. Inferiority- children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks or they feel inferior Conservation and mathematical transformations –Elementary aged children would know that the milk was the same amount in two differently-shaped glasses Incapable of adult logic Children also learn better when given instructions in a friendly manner

17. CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE 6-7 years old When they get concrete objects, they begin to understand conservation Change in form doesn’t mean change in quantity Stage where children comprehend mathematical operations.

18. FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE By 12 years old Our minds become less concrete and more abstract –Actual experiences to imagined realities. Capable of solving hypothetical problems Understand "If this, then that" situations

19. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Infants create a strong bond with parents and caregivers Develop stranger anxiety –About 8 months old –Cry or struggle when meeting/being given to a person they do not know –Unable to grasp new faces Attachment –Develops around 12 months –Unable to leave their caregiver –Strong bond that is a survival mechanism for infants

20. ATTACHMENT Body Contact –Harlow Experiment –Humans often lean towards parents who are more loving, soft, and warm (rock them, snuggles with them, etc.) –We go towards people who can make us feel safe. Familiarity Ex: The first moving object a chick sees is its mother and from that point on, they will follow her alone Critical period an optimal period when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development Imprinting Attachment process thought of by Lorenz Although animals will imprint with things that are similar to them, they also can imprint to another species.

21. ATTACHMENT DIFFERENCES Temperament –A person's characteristic emotion relativity and in intensity –"Difficult" babies are irritable and often don't like new people –"Easy" babies Children will has a sense that the world is safe and reliable –Basic Trust trust

22. ERIKSON'S STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Preschool (3-6 years) Issue: initiative vs. guilt Learn to initiate tasks or they feel guilty about feeling independent Preconventional morality: focused on self- interest, obey rules to avoid punishment or gain reward Elementary (6 years to puberty) Issue: industry vs. inferiority Learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior Conventional morality: caring for others and upholding laws and rules simply because they are law and rules