Figure 2 Main functions of IL-1

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Figure 2 Main functions of IL-1 Figure 2 | Main functions of IL-1. IL-1β is a proinflammatory cytokine that facilitates the activation of innate immune cells such as neutrophils (via nitric oxide or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)) and inflammatory monocytes (via IL-6 and TNF). Some T-cell subsets (T helper 17 (TH17) cells and γδ T cells), as well as innate lymphoid cells type 3 (ILC3), are activated by IL-1, leading to the production of IL-17 and IL-22. Osteoclasts are generated by the induction of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF, also known as CSF-1) and receptor-activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL, also known as TNF ligand superfamily member 11). At the organ level, IL-1β is one of the strongest catabolic factors for the articular cartilage and bone. The metabolic functions of IL-1β include apoptosis of pancreatic-β cells and involvement in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as the promotion of intimal inflammation and atherogenesis. IL-1β is also a key mediator of the fever response and pain processing in the hypothalamus. Schett, G. et al. (2015) Interleukin‑1 function and role in rheumatic disease Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2016.166