Cellular Energy Section 1: How Organisms Obtain Energy

Transformation of Energy Section 1 Cellular Energy How Organisms Obtain Energy Transformation of Energy Energy is the ability to do work. Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.

Laws of Thermodynamics Section 1 Cellular Energy How Organisms Obtain Energy Laws of Thermodynamics First law—energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed. Second law—energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy.

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Section 1 Cellular Energy How Organisms Obtain Energy Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food. Heterotrophs are organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy.

All of the chemical reactions in a cell Section 1 Cellular Energy How Organisms Obtain Energy Metabolism All of the chemical reactions in a cell Photosynthesis—light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell Cellular respiration—organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell

ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy Section 1 Cellular Energy How Organisms Obtain Energy ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy ATP releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group. ATP

Big Idea Photosynthesis converts the Sun’s energy into chemical energy, while cellular respiration uses chemical energy to carry out life function.

All living organisms use energy to carry out all biological processes Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy All living organisms use energy to carry out all biological processes Macromolecules are assembled and broken down, substances are transported across cell membranes, and genetic instructions are transmitted. All of these cellular activities require energy.

Transformation of Energy Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Transformation of Energy Energy is the ability to do work. Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.

Laws of Thermodynamics Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Laws of Thermodynamics First law— (Law of conservation of energy) energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed. Examples: Food is converted to chemical energy when you eat Mechanical energy when you run or kick a ball

Laws of Thermodynamics Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Laws of Thermodynamics Second law—energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy. “loss” energy is generally converted to thermal energy Increases Entropy

Laws of Thermodynamics Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Laws of Thermodynamics Entropy – The measure of disorder (or unusable energy) in a system

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Nearly all the energy for life comes from the Sun

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food.

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food. Examples: Chemoautotrophs use inorganic substances such as hydrogen sulfide as a source of energy Photoautotrophs (like plants) convert light energy from the Sun into chemical energy.

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Heterotrophs are organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy. Examples: Aphid Lady bug

All of the chemical reactions in a cell Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Metabolism All of the chemical reactions in a cell Photosynthesis—light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell Cellular respiration—organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell

Metabolism Metabolic Pathway – Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Metabolism Metabolic Pathway – Series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction Examples: Catabolic pathways Anabolic pathways

Metabolism Metabolic Pathway – Examples: Catabolic pathways Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Metabolism Metabolic Pathway – Examples: Catabolic pathways Release energy by breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules

Metabolism Metabolic Pathway – Examples: Anabolic pathways Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Metabolism Metabolic Pathway – Examples: Anabolic pathways Use the energy released by catabolic pathways to build larger molecules from smaller molecules

Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the anabolic pathway in which light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell. Autotrophs use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to form glucose and oxygen

Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration is the catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell. Oxygen is used to break down organic molecules, resulting in the production of carbon dioxide and water

ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group.

ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy ATP structure A nucleotide made of an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate group

ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy Chapter 8 Cellular Energy 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy ATP function ATP releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group

Why is ATP useful to cells? ATP can easily release and store energy by breaking and re-forming the bonds between its phosphate groups. This characteristic of ATP makes it exceptionally useful as a basic energy source for all cells.

Chapter Cellular Energy Section 1 Formative Questions Which law of thermodynamics explains why the ladybug receives the least amount of usable energy? A B the first law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics FQ 1

All of the energy from the food you eat comes from the sun. Chapter Cellular Energy Section 1 Formative Questions All of the energy from the food you eat comes from the sun. true false A B FQ 2

Why is cellular respiration a catabolic pathway? Chapter Cellular Energy Section 1 Formative Questions Why is cellular respiration a catabolic pathway? Energy is used to form glucose and oxygen. Energy is converted from water to carbon dioxide. Energy that is lost is converted to thermal energy. Energy is released by the breakdown of molecules. A B C D FQ 3

Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) such an Chapter Cellular Energy Section 1 Formative Questions Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) such an important biological molecule? It captures light energy from the sun. It is produced in anabolic pathways. It stores and releases chemical energy. It converts mechanical energy to thermal energy. A B C D FQ 4